{ "meta": { "title": "The Atheling historical record", "corpusTitle": "Dynasty 1066 Historical Corpus — Britain, Ireland, France and Norway (Extended)", "corpusSchemaVersion": "0.3.0", "window": { "from": 1000, "to": 1110 }, "counts": { "people": 46, "events": 43, "sources": 18 }, "notes": [ "This is a curated gameplay corpus, not a complete prosopography.", "Unknown and disputed medieval dates are intentionally not converted into false exact dates.", "A person's primary_realm is a gameplay convenience and does not imply modern nationality.", "Some houses/dynasties are simplified labels for game use.", "Validate individual records before using them for high-stakes historical claims or public educational copy.", "Where a source_key is absent, the record is included from standard historical reference knowledge and should be independently verified as the corpus is expanded.", "Version 0.2 extends through the complete Tudor period and prioritises temporal continuity and cross-realm dynastic interaction.", "Version 0.3 adds a catalogue of the primary chronicles and reference works for 1042 to 1106, attached to events and people." ], "generatedBy": "artifacts/atheling/scripts/export-history-corpus.ts" }, "sources": { "EH_MEDIEVAL": { "name": "English Heritage: Medieval Warfare", "url": "https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval/war/" }, "DIB_DIARMAIT": { "name": "Dictionary of Irish Biography: Diarmait Mac Murchada", "kind": "reference" }, "DIB_AOIFE": { "name": "Dictionary of Irish Biography: Aífe (Aoife)", "kind": "reference" }, "DIB_STRONGBOW": { "name": "Dictionary of Irish Biography: Richard de Clare (Strongbow)", "kind": "reference" }, "SCOT_MALCOLM": { "name": "The Henry Project / medieval source compilation: Malcolm III", "url": "https://fasg.org/projects/henryproject/data/malco002.htm" }, "ASC": { "name": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Avalon Project)", "url": "https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/angsax.asp", "kind": "primary" }, "VITA_EDWARDI": { "name": "Vita Ædwardi Regis, in Lives of Edward the Confessor, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series, 1858", "url": "https://archive.org/details/livesofedwardcon00luar", "kind": "primary" }, "WILLIAM_POITIERS": { "name": "William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, ed. R. H. C. Davis and Marjorie Chibnall, Oxford Medieval Texts, 1998", "kind": "primary" }, "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES": { "name": "William of Jumièges, Gesta Normannorum Ducum, ed. Elisabeth van Houts, Oxford Medieval Texts, 1992 to 1995", "kind": "primary" }, "ORDERIC": { "name": "Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, trans. Thomas Forester", "url": "https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi01orde", "kind": "primary" }, "JOHN_WORCESTER": { "name": "The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, trans. Thomas Forester", "url": "https://archive.org/details/chronicleofflore00flor", "kind": "primary" }, "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM": { "name": "William of Malmesbury, Chronicle of the Kings of England, trans. J. A. Giles", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50778", "kind": "primary" }, "SYMEON_DURHAM": { "name": "Symeon of Durham, Historia Regum, in Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia, ed. Thomas Arnold, Rolls Series, 1882 to 1885", "kind": "primary" }, "CARMEN_HASTINGAE": { "name": "The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio of Guy, Bishop of Amiens, ed. Frank Barlow, Oxford Medieval Texts, 1999", "kind": "primary" }, "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY": { "name": "The Bayeux Tapestry (Bayeux Museum)", "url": "https://www.bayeuxmuseum.com/en/the-bayeux-tapestry/discover-the-bayeux-tapestry/explore-online/", "kind": "primary" }, "HEIMSKRINGLA": { "name": "Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla, trans. Samuel Laing", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/598", "kind": "primary" }, "PASE": { "name": "Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England", "url": "https://pase.ac.uk/", "kind": "reference" }, "ODNB": { "name": "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", "kind": "reference" } }, "people": [ { "id": "edmund-ironside", "slug": "edmund-ironside", "name": "Edmund Ironside", "shortName": "Edmund", "house": "House of Wessex", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "King of England" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 990, "display": "990", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1016, "display": "1016", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "EH_MEDIEVAL" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "King from April to November 1016. Divided England with Cnut at Alney after Assandun and died on 30 November, probably at London. His infant sons were sent abroad and ended in Hungary.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [ { "id": "edward-the-exile", "name": "Edward the Exile", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-exile" } ], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "house": "House Godwin", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Late Earl of Wessex" ], "gender": "unknown", "birth": { "year": 990, "display": "990", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1053, "display": "1053", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "unstated", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "gyrth", "name": "Gyrth Godwinson", "shortName": "Gyrth", "slug": null }, { "id": "leofwine", "name": "Leofwine Godwinson", "shortName": "Leofwine", "slug": null } ], "campaigns": [ "England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "edward-returns", "slug": "edward-returns-to-the-english-throne", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edward returns to the English throne", "date": "1042-06-08", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The old royal house returns after years of Danish rule.", "detail": "Edward's restoration gives England a familiar crown, but his court must still balance the old Wessex line against the powerful Godwin family.", "people": [ { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" }, { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "godwin-exiled", "slug": "godwin-is-driven-into-exile", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Godwin is driven into exile", "date": "1051-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A quarrel with the king sends England's strongest family across the sea.", "detail": "The exile leaves a wound between Edward and the Godwins. How it is settled will decide who thinks the crown owes them.", "people": [ { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" }, { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "godwin-restored", "slug": "the-godwins-return", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The Godwins return", "date": "1052-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The king yields, and the family comes back stronger than before.", "detail": "Godwin's restoration teaches every earl that pressure can move the crown, and teaches Harold that power is safest when the family moves together.", "people": [ { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "godwin-dies", "slug": "earl-godwin-dies", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Earl Godwin dies", "date": "1053-04-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold inherits the weight of the most powerful family in England.", "detail": "The old earl's death leaves Harold to turn family influence into a claim on the whole kingdom.", "people": [ { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "stigand", "slug": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "house": "The English church", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Archbishop of Canterbury" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 990, "display": "990", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1072, "display": "1072", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Held Canterbury and Winchester together without papal recognition. Submitted to William in 1066, was deposed by papal legates at Winchester in April 1070, and died in custody in 1072.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "edgar-elected", "slug": "london-chooses-edgar", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "London chooses Edgar", "date": "1066-10-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "With Harold dead, Archbishop Ealdred and the citizens of London name the boy of the old house as king.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Ealdred and the Londoners wanted Edgar as king, as was his right by birth, and that Edwin and Morcar promised to fight for him. He was about fourteen and was never crowned.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "berkhamsted-submission", "slug": "edgar-submits-at-berkhamsted", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar submits at Berkhamsted", "date": "1066-12-10", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William crosses the Thames at Wallingford and the English leaders come out to meet him.", "detail": "Stigand submitted first at Wallingford. Edgar, Ealdred, Edwin, Morcar, and the chief men of London followed at Berkhamsted, gave hostages, and swore oaths. William promised to be a gracious lord, and his army went on harrying all the same.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "william-crowned", "slug": "william-is-crowned-at-westminster", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William is crowned at Westminster", "date": "1066-12-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Ealdred of York crowns the Conqueror on Christmas Day while his guards set fire to the houses outside.", "detail": "The coronation followed the English rite, with the crowd asked in English and French whether they accepted the king. The shouting alarmed the Norman guard, who mistook acclamation for riot and fired the surrounding houses.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "stigand-deposed", "slug": "papal-legates-depose-stigand", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Papal legates depose Stigand", "date": "1070-04-11", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The council at Winchester strips the old archbishop of Canterbury and Winchester.", "detail": "Legates from Rome presided over the Easter council. Stigand had never received a recognised pallium and had held two sees together. His fall opened the English church to reform on Norman terms.", "people": [ { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ] }, { "id": "ealdred", "slug": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "house": "The English church", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Archbishop of York" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1000, "display": "1000", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1069, "display": "1069", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Archbishop of York from 1061. He crowned Harold in January 1066 and William at Westminster in December, and died in 1069.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "edgar-elected", "slug": "london-chooses-edgar", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "London chooses Edgar", "date": "1066-10-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "With Harold dead, Archbishop Ealdred and the citizens of London name the boy of the old house as king.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Ealdred and the Londoners wanted Edgar as king, as was his right by birth, and that Edwin and Morcar promised to fight for him. He was about fourteen and was never crowned.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "berkhamsted-submission", "slug": "edgar-submits-at-berkhamsted", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar submits at Berkhamsted", "date": "1066-12-10", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William crosses the Thames at Wallingford and the English leaders come out to meet him.", "detail": "Stigand submitted first at Wallingford. Edgar, Ealdred, Edwin, Morcar, and the chief men of London followed at Berkhamsted, gave hostages, and swore oaths. William promised to be a gracious lord, and his army went on harrying all the same.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ] }, { "id": "edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "house": "House of Wessex", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "King of England" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1005, "display": "1005", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1066, "display": "1066", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "unstated", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [ { "id": "edith", "name": "Edith of Wessex", "shortName": "Edith", "slug": null } ], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "edward-returns", "slug": "edward-returns-to-the-english-throne", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edward returns to the English throne", "date": "1042-06-08", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The old royal house returns after years of Danish rule.", "detail": "Edward's restoration gives England a familiar crown, but his court must still balance the old Wessex line against the powerful Godwin family.", "people": [ { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" }, { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "godwin-exiled", "slug": "godwin-is-driven-into-exile", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Godwin is driven into exile", "date": "1051-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A quarrel with the king sends England's strongest family across the sea.", "detail": "The exile leaves a wound between Edward and the Godwins. How it is settled will decide who thinks the crown owes them.", "people": [ { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" }, { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "godwin-restored", "slug": "the-godwins-return", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The Godwins return", "date": "1052-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The king yields, and the family comes back stronger than before.", "detail": "Godwin's restoration teaches every earl that pressure can move the crown, and teaches Harold that power is safest when the family moves together.", "people": [ { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "edward-dies", "slug": "edward-the-confessor-dies", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edward the Confessor dies", "date": "1066-01-05", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The old king's death leaves the succession to the Witan.", "detail": "Edward dies at Westminster. Harold Godwinson is chosen and crowned the next day.", "people": [ { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "lanfranc", "slug": "lanfranc-of-pavia", "name": "Lanfranc of Pavia", "shortName": "Lanfranc", "house": "House of Normandy", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Archbishop of Canterbury" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1005, "display": "1005", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1089, "display": "1089", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "unstated", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "ORDERIC" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "lanfranc-consecrated", "slug": "lanfranc-becomes-archbishop", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Lanfranc becomes archbishop", "date": "1070-08-29", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The abbot of Caen takes Canterbury and begins remaking the English church.", "detail": "Lanfranc reorganised dioceses, held reforming councils, and acted as the king’s regent when William was abroad. He was also the man who uncovered the Revolt of the Earls in 1075.", "people": [ { "id": "lanfranc", "name": "Lanfranc of Pavia", "shortName": "Lanfranc", "slug": "lanfranc-of-pavia" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "revolt-of-the-earls", "slug": "the-revolt-of-the-earls", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Revolt of the Earls", "date": "1075-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Lanfranc and the English shires break the rising while the king is in Normandy.", "detail": "Wulfstan of Worcester blocked Roger at the Severn, Ralph was cornered at Norwich and fled to Brittany, and his wife Emma held the castle until she was allowed to leave. Waltheof confessed to Lanfranc and went to the king.", "people": [ { "id": "ralph-de-gael", "name": "Ralph de Gael", "shortName": "Ralph", "slug": "ralph-de-gael" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" }, { "id": "lanfranc", "name": "Lanfranc of Pavia", "shortName": "Lanfranc", "slug": "lanfranc-of-pavia" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "wulfstan-worcester", "slug": "wulfstan-of-worcester", "name": "Wulfstan of Worcester", "shortName": "Wulfstan", "house": "The English church", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Bishop of Worcester" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1008, "display": "1008", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1095, "display": "1095", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Bishop of Worcester from 1062. He retained his see after the Conquest and resisted the revolt of the earls in 1075.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "harald-hardrada", "slug": "harald-hardrada", "name": "Harald Hardrada", "shortName": "Harald", "house": "House of Hardrada", "realm": "Norway", "titles": [ "King of Norway" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1015, "display": "c. 1015", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1066, "display": "25 September 1066", "precision": "exact", "certainty": "Exact" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "HEIMSKRINGLA" ], "referenceWorks": [], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "hardrada-lands", "slug": "harald-lands-in-the-north", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harald lands in the north", "date": "1066-09-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A second claimant opens a northern front.", "detail": "Norwegian forces appear on the Tyne, supported by Tostig's need for a new patron.", "people": [ { "id": "harald-hardrada", "name": "Harald Hardrada", "shortName": "Harald", "slug": "harald-hardrada" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "HEIMSKRINGLA" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "stamford-bridge", "slug": "stamford-bridge", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Stamford Bridge", "date": "1066-09-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold defeats the Norwegian host.", "detail": "The English army wins in the north, but the march has exhausted the realm before the Norman landing.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "harald-hardrada", "name": "Harald Hardrada", "shortName": "Harald", "slug": "harald-hardrada" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "HEIMSKRINGLA" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "edward-the-exile", "slug": "edward-the-exile", "name": "Edward the Exile", "shortName": "Edward", "house": "House of Wessex", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Ætheling" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1016, "display": "1016", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1057, "display": "1057", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "EH_MEDIEVAL" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Sent abroad as an infant after 1016, raised at the courts of Kiev and Hungary, married Agatha there. Edward the Confessor recalled him in 1054 to settle the succession; he landed in 1057 and died on 19 August before he had seen the king. Buried at Old St Paul's.", "father": { "id": "edmund-ironside", "name": "Edmund Ironside", "shortName": "Edmund", "slug": "edmund-ironside" }, "mother": null, "parents": [ { "id": "edmund-ironside", "name": "Edmund Ironside", "shortName": "Edmund", "slug": "edmund-ironside" } ], "spouses": [ { "id": "agatha", "name": "Agatha", "shortName": "Agatha", "slug": "agatha" } ], "children": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" }, { "id": "christina-aetheling", "name": "Christina", "shortName": "Christina", "slug": "christina" } ], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "aelfwine-winchester", "slug": "aelfwine-of-winchester", "name": "Ælfwine of Winchester", "shortName": "Ælfwine", "house": "The English church", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Canon of Winchester" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1018, "display": "1018", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1081, "display": "1081", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "low", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "A fictional minor churchman, grounded in the cathedral clerks and record-keepers who made an English bishopric work.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "sweyn-estrithson", "slug": "sweyn-estrithson", "name": "Sweyn Estrithson", "shortName": "Sweyn", "house": "House of Denmark", "realm": "Denmark", "titles": [ "King of Denmark" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1019, "display": "1019", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1076, "display": "1076", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "referenceWorks": [], "notes": "Sent a fleet to the Humber in 1069 that took York with the northern English, then accepted payment to leave in 1070.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "york-falls", "slug": "the-danes-and-the-north-take-york", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Danes and the north take York", "date": "1069-09-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Sweyn’s fleet in the Humber joins Edgar, Waltheof, and the Northumbrians against the Norman garrison.", "detail": "The garrison fired the city to deny cover to the attackers and was overwhelmed. It was the most dangerous moment of the reign: a foreign fleet, a native claimant, and a rising province acting together.", "people": [ { "id": "sweyn-estrithson", "name": "Sweyn Estrithson", "shortName": "Sweyn", "slug": "sweyn-estrithson" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "harrying-of-the-north", "slug": "the-harrying-of-the-north", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The harrying of the north", "date": "1069-12-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William winters in Yorkshire and destroys the means of life across the north.", "detail": "Villages, stores, and livestock were burned between the Humber and the Tees. Chroniclers record famine the following year, and Domesday still shows the land as waste seventeen years later. The Danes were paid to leave.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "sweyn-estrithson", "name": "Sweyn Estrithson", "shortName": "Sweyn", "slug": "sweyn-estrithson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Domesday Book" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Domesday Book" ] }, { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "house": "House of Normandy", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Earl of Hereford" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1020, "display": "1020", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1071, "display": "1071", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "unstated", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [ { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" } ], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "william-returns-to-normandy", "slug": "william-sails-for-normandy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William sails for Normandy", "date": "1067-03-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new king spends most of 1067 across the Channel, leaving Odo and fitzOsbern to govern.", "detail": "William took English hostages, including Edgar, Edwin, Morcar, and Waltheof, and displayed them in Normandy. The regents built castles and were remembered for their harshness.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "odo-bayeux", "name": "Odo of Bayeux", "shortName": "Odo", "slug": "odo-of-bayeux" }, { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "cassel", "slug": "william-fitzosbern-is-killed-at-cassel", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "William fitzOsbern is killed at Cassel", "date": "1071-02-22", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The king’s closest companion dies in a Flemish succession war.", "detail": "FitzOsbern had gone to Flanders as regent and suitor and was killed in battle at Cassel. His English earldom of Hereford passed to his son Roger; his Norman lands to his elder son William.", "people": [ { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "house": "House Godwin", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "King of England", "Earl of Wessex" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1022, "display": "c. 1022", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1066, "display": "14 October 1066", "precision": "exact", "certainty": "Exact" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "EH_MEDIEVAL", "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY", "HEIMSKRINGLA", "CARMEN_HASTINGAE" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [ { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" } ], "spouses": [ { "id": "ealdgyth", "name": "Ealdgyth", "shortName": "Ealdgyth", "slug": null } ], "children": [ { "id": "godwin-haroldson", "name": "Godwin Haroldson", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": null }, { "id": "edmund-haroldson", "name": "Edmund Haroldson", "shortName": "Edmund", "slug": null }, { "id": "gytha-haroldsdotter", "name": "Gytha Haroldsdotter", "shortName": "Gytha", "slug": null } ], "campaigns": [ "England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "godwin-exiled", "slug": "godwin-is-driven-into-exile", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Godwin is driven into exile", "date": "1051-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A quarrel with the king sends England's strongest family across the sea.", "detail": "The exile leaves a wound between Edward and the Godwins. How it is settled will decide who thinks the crown owes them.", "people": [ { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" }, { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "godwin-restored", "slug": "the-godwins-return", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The Godwins return", "date": "1052-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The king yields, and the family comes back stronger than before.", "detail": "Godwin's restoration teaches every earl that pressure can move the crown, and teaches Harold that power is safest when the family moves together.", "people": [ { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "godwin-dies", "slug": "earl-godwin-dies", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Earl Godwin dies", "date": "1053-04-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold inherits the weight of the most powerful family in England.", "detail": "The old earl's death leaves Harold to turn family influence into a claim on the whole kingdom.", "people": [ { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "harold-bayeux-oath", "slug": "harold-swears-an-oath-in-normandy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harold swears an oath in Normandy", "date": "1064-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A disputed promise becomes part of William's claim.", "detail": "Harold's time in Normandy will be remembered differently on either side of the Channel. William calls it an oath; the English court calls it coercion and ambiguity.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "northumbrian-revolt", "slug": "northumbria-rejects-tostig", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Northumbria rejects Tostig", "date": "1065-10-05", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A northern revolt forces the crown to choose between a brother and a realm.", "detail": "Tostig's fall becomes the grievance beneath the coming invasions. Morcar takes Northumbria, while Harold inherits a family feud that history will not let him set aside.", "people": [ { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "edward-dies", "slug": "edward-the-confessor-dies", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edward the Confessor dies", "date": "1066-01-05", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The old king's death leaves the succession to the Witan.", "detail": "Edward dies at Westminster. Harold Godwinson is chosen and crowned the next day.", "people": [ { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "harold-crowned", "slug": "harold-is-crowned", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harold is crowned", "date": "1066-01-06", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold takes the crown with the support of the English nobility.", "detail": "The new king inherits a powerful family, a fragile coalition, and claims from across the sea.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "tostig-exiled", "slug": "tostig-seeks-a-return", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Tostig seeks a return", "date": "1066-03-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Tostig's exile hardens into a political grievance.", "detail": "The dispossessed earl looks for a way back into power, while Morcar consolidates Northumbria.", "people": [ { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "william-prepares", "slug": "william-gathers-ships", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William gathers ships", "date": "1066-08-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Norman preparations turn a claim into a credible threat.", "detail": "Across the Channel, William watches for a divided England and favourable winds.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "stamford-bridge", "slug": "stamford-bridge", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Stamford Bridge", "date": "1066-09-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold defeats the Norwegian host.", "detail": "The English army wins in the north, but the march has exhausted the realm before the Norman landing.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "harald-hardrada", "name": "Harald Hardrada", "shortName": "Harald", "slug": "harald-hardrada" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "HEIMSKRINGLA" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "pevensey-landing", "slug": "william-lands-at-pevensey", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William lands at Pevensey", "date": "1066-09-28", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The Norman fleet crosses while Harold is in the north, and the army comes ashore unopposed.", "detail": "Held in port by the wind for weeks, William's fleet crossed the Channel on the night of 27 to 28 September and landed at Pevensey. The army moved to Hastings and raised a castle there, and raided the country around it to draw Harold south.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "hastings", "slug": "hastings", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Hastings", "date": "1066-10-14", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William defeats Harold's army on the ridge north of Hastings. Harold is killed.", "detail": "Harold marched south from Stamford Bridge and met William on 14 October on the ridge where Battle Abbey now stands. The fighting lasted most of the day. Harold was killed, with his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine, and the English army broke. The sources differ on how Harold died: the arrow in the eye rests on a reading of the Bayeux Tapestry, while the Carmen has him cut down by knights.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "gyrth", "name": "Gyrth Godwinson", "shortName": "Gyrth", "slug": null }, { "id": "leofwine", "name": "Leofwine Godwinson", "shortName": "Leofwine", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "CARMEN_HASTINGAE", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Bayeux Tapestry" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Bayeux Tapestry" ] }, { "id": "ansgar-staller", "slug": "ansgar-the-staller", "name": "Ansgar the Staller", "shortName": "Ansgar", "house": "House of Ansgar", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Sheriff of Middlesex" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1025, "display": "1025", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1085, "display": "1085", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "medium", "sourceKeys": [ "EH_MEDIEVAL" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Esegar, staller to Edward the Confessor and sheriff of Middlesex. Wounded at Hastings and carried back to London, where Guy of Amiens has him directing the defence from a litter and treating with William. His lands passed to Geoffrey de Mandeville; his fate after 1066 is not recorded, and the death year here is a guess.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "edith-swanneck", "slug": "edith-swanneck", "name": "Edith Swanneck", "shortName": "Edith Swanneck", "house": "East Anglian landholders", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Lady of the Godwin household" ], "gender": "female", "birth": { "year": 1025, "display": "1025", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": null, "display": "Not recorded", "precision": "unknown", "certainty": "Not recorded" }, "confidence": "unstated", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Eadgifu the Fair, the richest woman in East Anglia in Domesday, Harold's partner by handfast marriage for twenty years and the mother of at least five of his children. Set aside, in the church's eyes, when Harold married Ealdgyth of Mercia. Tradition has her identifying Harold's body at Hastings.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [ { "id": "godwin-haroldson", "name": "Godwin Haroldson", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": null }, { "id": "edmund-haroldson", "name": "Edmund Haroldson", "shortName": "Edmund", "slug": null }, { "id": "gytha-haroldsdotter", "name": "Gytha Haroldsdotter", "shortName": "Gytha", "slug": null } ], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [ "Domesday Book" ] }, { "id": "wulfric-ely", "slug": "wulfric-of-ely", "name": "Wulfric of Ely", "shortName": "Wulfric", "house": "The English church", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Prior of Ely" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1025, "display": "1025", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1091, "display": "1091", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "low", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "A fictional minor churchman, grounded in the local priors and monastic stewards who negotiated protection, food, and land.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "house": "House Godwin", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Earl in exile" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1026, "display": "1026", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": null, "display": "Not recorded", "precision": "unknown", "certainty": "Not recorded" }, "confidence": "unstated", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "HEIMSKRINGLA" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [ { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" } ], "spouses": [ { "id": "judith", "name": "Judith of Flanders", "shortName": "Judith", "slug": null } ], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "godwin-dies", "slug": "earl-godwin-dies", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Earl Godwin dies", "date": "1053-04-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold inherits the weight of the most powerful family in England.", "detail": "The old earl's death leaves Harold to turn family influence into a claim on the whole kingdom.", "people": [ { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "northumbrian-revolt", "slug": "northumbria-rejects-tostig", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Northumbria rejects Tostig", "date": "1065-10-05", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A northern revolt forces the crown to choose between a brother and a realm.", "detail": "Tostig's fall becomes the grievance beneath the coming invasions. Morcar takes Northumbria, while Harold inherits a family feud that history will not let him set aside.", "people": [ { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "tostig-exiled", "slug": "tostig-seeks-a-return", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Tostig seeks a return", "date": "1066-03-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Tostig's exile hardens into a political grievance.", "detail": "The dispossessed earl looks for a way back into power, while Morcar consolidates Northumbria.", "people": [ { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "hardrada-lands", "slug": "harald-lands-in-the-north", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harald lands in the north", "date": "1066-09-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A second claimant opens a northern front.", "detail": "Norwegian forces appear on the Tyne, supported by Tostig's need for a new patron.", "people": [ { "id": "harald-hardrada", "name": "Harald Hardrada", "shortName": "Harald", "slug": "harald-hardrada" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "HEIMSKRINGLA" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "stamford-bridge", "slug": "stamford-bridge", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Stamford Bridge", "date": "1066-09-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold defeats the Norwegian host.", "detail": "The English army wins in the north, but the march has exhausted the realm before the Norman landing.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "harald-hardrada", "name": "Harald Hardrada", "shortName": "Harald", "slug": "harald-hardrada" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "HEIMSKRINGLA" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "william", "slug": "william-the-conqueror", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "house": "House of Normandy", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Duke of Normandy", "King of England" ], "gender": "unknown", "birth": { "year": 1028, "display": "c. 1028", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1087, "display": "9 September 1087", "precision": "exact", "certainty": "Exact" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "EH_MEDIEVAL", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY", "ASC", "CARMEN_HASTINGAE", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [ { "id": "matilda-flanders", "name": "Matilda of Flanders", "shortName": "Matilda", "slug": null } ], "children": [ { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" } ], "campaigns": [ "England, 1066", "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "harold-bayeux-oath", "slug": "harold-swears-an-oath-in-normandy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harold swears an oath in Normandy", "date": "1064-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A disputed promise becomes part of William's claim.", "detail": "Harold's time in Normandy will be remembered differently on either side of the Channel. William calls it an oath; the English court calls it coercion and ambiguity.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "william-prepares", "slug": "william-gathers-ships", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William gathers ships", "date": "1066-08-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Norman preparations turn a claim into a credible threat.", "detail": "Across the Channel, William watches for a divided England and favourable winds.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "pevensey-landing", "slug": "william-lands-at-pevensey", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William lands at Pevensey", "date": "1066-09-28", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The Norman fleet crosses while Harold is in the north, and the army comes ashore unopposed.", "detail": "Held in port by the wind for weeks, William's fleet crossed the Channel on the night of 27 to 28 September and landed at Pevensey. The army moved to Hastings and raised a castle there, and raided the country around it to draw Harold south.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "hastings", "slug": "hastings", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Hastings", "date": "1066-10-14", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William defeats Harold's army on the ridge north of Hastings. Harold is killed.", "detail": "Harold marched south from Stamford Bridge and met William on 14 October on the ridge where Battle Abbey now stands. The fighting lasted most of the day. Harold was killed, with his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine, and the English army broke. The sources differ on how Harold died: the arrow in the eye rests on a reading of the Bayeux Tapestry, while the Carmen has him cut down by knights.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "gyrth", "name": "Gyrth Godwinson", "shortName": "Gyrth", "slug": null }, { "id": "leofwine", "name": "Leofwine Godwinson", "shortName": "Leofwine", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "CARMEN_HASTINGAE", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Bayeux Tapestry" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "berkhamsted-submission", "slug": "edgar-submits-at-berkhamsted", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar submits at Berkhamsted", "date": "1066-12-10", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William crosses the Thames at Wallingford and the English leaders come out to meet him.", "detail": "Stigand submitted first at Wallingford. Edgar, Ealdred, Edwin, Morcar, and the chief men of London followed at Berkhamsted, gave hostages, and swore oaths. William promised to be a gracious lord, and his army went on harrying all the same.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "william-crowned", "slug": "william-is-crowned-at-westminster", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William is crowned at Westminster", "date": "1066-12-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Ealdred of York crowns the Conqueror on Christmas Day while his guards set fire to the houses outside.", "detail": "The coronation followed the English rite, with the crowd asked in English and French whether they accepted the king. The shouting alarmed the Norman guard, who mistook acclamation for riot and fired the surrounding houses.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "william-returns-to-normandy", "slug": "william-sails-for-normandy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William sails for Normandy", "date": "1067-03-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new king spends most of 1067 across the Channel, leaving Odo and fitzOsbern to govern.", "detail": "William took English hostages, including Edgar, Edwin, Morcar, and Waltheof, and displayed them in Normandy. The regents built castles and were remembered for their harshness.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "odo-bayeux", "name": "Odo of Bayeux", "shortName": "Odo", "slug": "odo-of-bayeux" }, { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "exeter-submits", "slug": "exeter-submits-after-eighteen-days", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Exeter submits after eighteen days", "date": "1068-02-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold’s mother Gytha and the western shires test the new king’s patience.", "detail": "Exeter refused the customary oath and tribute. William besieged the city in midwinter; after eighteen days it surrendered on terms and a castle was raised. Gytha escaped by sea.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "gytha", "name": "Gytha Thorkelsdóttir", "shortName": "Gytha", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "matilda-crowned", "slug": "matilda-is-crowned-queen", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Matilda is crowned queen", "date": "1068-05-11", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The Whitsun coronation at Westminster gives the conquest a queen and, before the year is out, an English-born son.", "detail": "Matilda was crowned by Ealdred at Whitsun 1068. Her youngest son Henry, later Henry I, was born in England later that year, the only one of William’s sons born in the kingdom.", "people": [ { "id": "matilda-flanders", "name": "Matilda of Flanders", "shortName": "Matilda", "slug": null }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edwin-and-morcar-rise", "slug": "edwin-and-morcar-rise-in-the-midlands", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edwin and Morcar rise in the Midlands", "date": "1068-06-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The brothers leave court after the promised marriage to William’s daughter fails to happen.", "detail": "William answered with a castle-building march through Warwick, Nottingham, York, Lincoln, Huntingdon, and Cambridge. The rising collapsed and the earls submitted again, but the north had learned the crown was contestable.", "people": [ { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "york-falls", "slug": "the-danes-and-the-north-take-york", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Danes and the north take York", "date": "1069-09-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Sweyn’s fleet in the Humber joins Edgar, Waltheof, and the Northumbrians against the Norman garrison.", "detail": "The garrison fired the city to deny cover to the attackers and was overwhelmed. It was the most dangerous moment of the reign: a foreign fleet, a native claimant, and a rising province acting together.", "people": [ { "id": "sweyn-estrithson", "name": "Sweyn Estrithson", "shortName": "Sweyn", "slug": "sweyn-estrithson" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "harrying-of-the-north", "slug": "the-harrying-of-the-north", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The harrying of the north", "date": "1069-12-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William winters in Yorkshire and destroys the means of life across the north.", "detail": "Villages, stores, and livestock were burned between the Humber and the Tees. Chroniclers record famine the following year, and Domesday still shows the land as waste seventeen years later. The Danes were paid to leave.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "sweyn-estrithson", "name": "Sweyn Estrithson", "shortName": "Sweyn", "slug": "sweyn-estrithson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Domesday Book" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "stigand-deposed", "slug": "papal-legates-depose-stigand", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Papal legates depose Stigand", "date": "1070-04-11", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The council at Winchester strips the old archbishop of Canterbury and Winchester.", "detail": "Legates from Rome presided over the Easter council. Stigand had never received a recognised pallium and had held two sees together. His fall opened the English church to reform on Norman terms.", "people": [ { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "lanfranc-consecrated", "slug": "lanfranc-becomes-archbishop", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Lanfranc becomes archbishop", "date": "1070-08-29", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The abbot of Caen takes Canterbury and begins remaking the English church.", "detail": "Lanfranc reorganised dioceses, held reforming councils, and acted as the king’s regent when William was abroad. He was also the man who uncovered the Revolt of the Earls in 1075.", "people": [ { "id": "lanfranc", "name": "Lanfranc of Pavia", "shortName": "Lanfranc", "slug": "lanfranc-of-pavia" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "ely-falls", "slug": "the-isle-of-ely-falls", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Isle of Ely falls", "date": "1071-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Hereward and Morcar are the last to hold out; Morcar surrenders and Hereward escapes.", "detail": "William built a causeway through the fens and the monks of Ely came to terms. Morcar spent the rest of his life in custody. Edwin had already been killed by his own men while fleeing north.", "people": [ { "id": "hereward", "name": "Hereward", "shortName": "Hereward", "slug": "hereward" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "abernethy", "slug": "malcolm-submits-at-abernethy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Malcolm submits at Abernethy", "date": "1072-08-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William marches into Scotland by land and sea and the King of Scots does homage.", "detail": "Malcolm had married Edgar’s sister Margaret and sheltered the ætheling. At Abernethy he gave hostages and expelled Edgar from his court.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-submits", "slug": "edgar-makes-his-peace", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar makes his peace", "date": "1074-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The last claimant of the old house comes to court and accepts a pension.", "detail": "Expelled after Abernethy, Edgar lived in Flanders and came back to Scotland on 8 July 1074. Philip of France offered him the castle of Montreuil to raid Normandy from, but his ships were wrecked on the English coast. Malcolm advised him to seek William's friendship. The sheriff of York escorted him south and William received him in Normandy with honour and a pension.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edith-dies", "slug": "queen-edith-dies-at-winchester", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Queen Edith dies at Winchester", "date": "1075-12-18", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Edward’s widow and Harold’s sister is buried beside the Confessor.", "detail": "William had her body brought to Westminster with royal honours. With her death the last of the Godwin house at the English court was gone.", "people": [ { "id": "edith", "name": "Edith of Wessex", "shortName": "Edith", "slug": null }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-leaves-for-apulia", "slug": "edgar-leaves-william-s-court", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar leaves William's court", "date": "1086-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The ætheling walks out on a king who gives him little honour and sails for Norman Italy.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Edgar left the king because he had not much honour from him, and went over sea to Apulia with two hundred men. Domesday that year lists him with only two small estates in Hertfordshire, Barkway and Hormead.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "Domesday Book" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-joins-curthose", "slug": "william-dies-and-edgar-joins-robert", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William dies and Edgar joins Robert", "date": "1087-09-09", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Normandy goes to Robert Curthose, England to William Rufus, and the ætheling picks Robert.", "detail": "William died at Rouen on 9 September 1087. Robert gave Edgar lands in Normandy, and Orderic Vitalis counts him among the duke's three principal advisers.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [ "Orderic Vitalis" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "Orderic Vitalis", "Domesday Book", "Bayeux Tapestry" ] }, { "id": "agatha", "slug": "agatha", "name": "Agatha", "shortName": "Agatha", "house": "House of Wessex", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Widow of Edward the Exile" ], "gender": "female", "birth": { "year": 1030, "display": "1030", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": null, "display": "Not recorded", "precision": "unknown", "certainty": "Not recorded" }, "confidence": "medium", "sourceKeys": [ "EH_MEDIEVAL" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Her parentage is disputed: the sources make her German, Hungarian or Kievan. She came to England with her husband in 1057, fled to Scotland with her children in 1068, and disappears from the record in the 1070s.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [ { "id": "edward-the-exile", "name": "Edward the Exile", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-exile" } ], "children": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" }, { "id": "christina-aetheling", "name": "Christina", "shortName": "Christina", "slug": "christina" } ], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "house": "House of Mercia", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Earl of Mercia" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1030, "display": "1030", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1071, "display": "1071", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "unstated", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "England, 1066", "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "harold-crowned", "slug": "harold-is-crowned", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harold is crowned", "date": "1066-01-06", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold takes the crown with the support of the English nobility.", "detail": "The new king inherits a powerful family, a fragile coalition, and claims from across the sea.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-elected", "slug": "london-chooses-edgar", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "London chooses Edgar", "date": "1066-10-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "With Harold dead, Archbishop Ealdred and the citizens of London name the boy of the old house as king.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Ealdred and the Londoners wanted Edgar as king, as was his right by birth, and that Edwin and Morcar promised to fight for him. He was about fourteen and was never crowned.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "berkhamsted-submission", "slug": "edgar-submits-at-berkhamsted", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar submits at Berkhamsted", "date": "1066-12-10", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William crosses the Thames at Wallingford and the English leaders come out to meet him.", "detail": "Stigand submitted first at Wallingford. Edgar, Ealdred, Edwin, Morcar, and the chief men of London followed at Berkhamsted, gave hostages, and swore oaths. William promised to be a gracious lord, and his army went on harrying all the same.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edwin-and-morcar-rise", "slug": "edwin-and-morcar-rise-in-the-midlands", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edwin and Morcar rise in the Midlands", "date": "1068-06-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The brothers leave court after the promised marriage to William’s daughter fails to happen.", "detail": "William answered with a castle-building march through Warwick, Nottingham, York, Lincoln, Huntingdon, and Cambridge. The rising collapsed and the earls submitted again, but the north had learned the crown was contestable.", "people": [ { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "ely-falls", "slug": "the-isle-of-ely-falls", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Isle of Ely falls", "date": "1071-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Hereward and Morcar are the last to hold out; Morcar surrenders and Hereward escapes.", "detail": "William built a causeway through the fens and the monks of Ely came to terms. Morcar spent the rest of his life in custody. Edwin had already been killed by his own men while fleeing north.", "people": [ { "id": "hereward", "name": "Hereward", "shortName": "Hereward", "slug": "hereward" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ] }, { "id": "odo-bayeux", "slug": "odo-of-bayeux", "name": "Odo of Bayeux", "shortName": "Odo", "house": "House of Normandy", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Bishop of Bayeux" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1030, "display": "1030", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1097, "display": "1097", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "unstated", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "william-returns-to-normandy", "slug": "william-sails-for-normandy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William sails for Normandy", "date": "1067-03-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new king spends most of 1067 across the Channel, leaving Odo and fitzOsbern to govern.", "detail": "William took English hostages, including Edgar, Edwin, Morcar, and Waltheof, and displayed them in Normandy. The regents built castles and were remembered for their harshness.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "odo-bayeux", "name": "Odo of Bayeux", "shortName": "Odo", "slug": "odo-of-bayeux" }, { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "eustace-at-dover", "slug": "eustace-of-boulogne-attacks-dover", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Eustace of Boulogne attacks Dover", "date": "1067-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A Norman ally turns on the king and the men of Kent rise with him.", "detail": "Eustace, who had fought at Hastings, crossed with a small force and tried to seize Dover castle with Kentish support while the king was in Normandy. The garrison held and Eustace lost his English lands, though he was later reconciled.", "people": [ { "id": "eustace-boulogne", "name": "Eustace of Boulogne", "shortName": "Eustace", "slug": null }, { "id": "odo-bayeux", "name": "Odo of Bayeux", "shortName": "Odo", "slug": "odo-of-bayeux" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "remigius-fecamp", "slug": "remigius-de-fecamp", "name": "Remigius de Fécamp", "shortName": "Remigius", "house": "The Norman church", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Bishop of Dorchester" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1030, "display": "1030", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1092, "display": "1092", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "A Norman cleric who became Bishop of Dorchester after the Conquest and began the cathedral at Lincoln.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "slug": "malcolm-iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "house": "Dunkeld", "realm": "Scotland", "titles": [ "King of Scots" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1031, "display": "c. 1031", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1093, "display": "13 November 1093", "precision": "exact", "certainty": "Exact" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "SCOT_MALCOLM", "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM" ], "referenceWorks": [ "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [ { "id": "sco_ingibiorg", "name": "Ingibiorg Finnsdottir", "shortName": "Ingibiorg Finnsdottir", "slug": null }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "children": [ { "id": "sco_matilda_scotland", "name": "Matilda of Scotland", "shortName": "Matilda of Scotland", "slug": "matilda-of-scotland" }, { "id": "sco_mary_scotland", "name": "Mary of Scotland", "shortName": "Mary of Scotland", "slug": null }, { "id": "sco_duncan_ii", "name": "Duncan", "shortName": "Duncan", "slug": "duncan" }, { "id": "sco_edgar", "name": "Edgar", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": null }, { "id": "sco_alexander_i", "name": "Alexander I", "shortName": "Alexander I", "slug": null }, { "id": "sco_david_i", "name": "David I", "shortName": "David I", "slug": null } ], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "edgar-flees-to-scotland", "slug": "edgar-flees-to-scotland", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar flees to Scotland", "date": "1068-07-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The ætheling leaves court with his mother and sisters and finds shelter with Malcolm.", "detail": "Edgar slipped away in the summer of 1068 as Edwin and Morcar's rising collapsed. Malcolm received the family at his court and within a year or two married Edgar's sister Margaret.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "evt_1070_malcolm_margaret", "slug": "malcolm-iii-marries-margaret-of-wessex", "published": true, "kind": "marriage", "label": "Malcolm III marries Margaret of Wessex", "date": "1070-01-01", "precision": "circa", "summary": "The Scottish royal house became closely linked to the displaced Anglo-Saxon royal line.", "detail": "Historical game hooks: marriage_alliance, claim_generation, exile_court.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "SCOT_MALCOLM" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": null }, { "id": "abernethy", "slug": "malcolm-submits-at-abernethy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Malcolm submits at Abernethy", "date": "1072-08-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William marches into Scotland by land and sea and the King of Scots does homage.", "detail": "Malcolm had married Edgar’s sister Margaret and sheltered the ætheling. At Abernethy he gave hostages and expelled Edgar from his court.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-expelled-from-normandy", "slug": "robert-and-rufus-make-peace-over-edgar-s-head", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Robert and Rufus make peace over Edgar's head", "date": "1091-02-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The brothers' treaty strips the ætheling of his Norman lands and sends him back to Scotland.", "detail": "Rufus crossed to Normandy in early 1091 and the brothers came to terms at Rouen. Edgar was dispossessed and expelled. Later that year, when Rufus marched on Scotland, Edgar and Robert brokered the peace between Malcolm and Rufus, and Edgar was reconciled with the English king.", "people": [ { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "alnwick", "slug": "malcolm-is-killed-at-alnwick", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Malcolm is killed at Alnwick", "date": "1093-11-13", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The King of Scots and his heir Edward die raiding Northumbria. Margaret follows within days.", "detail": "Malcolm was killed near Alnwick on 13 November 1093 and his son Edward died of his wounds. Queen Margaret, Edgar's sister, died at Edinburgh on 16 November. Malcolm's brother Donald Bane seized the throne and drove out the English-raised sons.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "osbert-canterbury", "slug": "osbert-of-canterbury", "name": "Osbert of Canterbury", "shortName": "Osbert", "house": "The English church", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Cathedral clerk" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1032, "display": "1032", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1097, "display": "1097", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "low", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "A fictional minor churchman, grounded in the cathedral clerks who carried correspondence and witnessed royal grants.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "sco_donald_iii", "slug": "donald-bane", "name": "Donald Bane", "shortName": "Donald", "house": "House of Dunkeld", "realm": "Scotland", "titles": [ "Brother of the King of Scots" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1033, "display": "1033", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1099, "display": "1099", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "SCOT_MALCOLM" ], "referenceWorks": [ "ODNB" ], "notes": "King of Scots 1093 to 1094 and 1094 to 1097, in the name of the old Gaelic order against the English and Norman influence Margaret had brought. Deposed by Edgar Ætheling's army in October 1097, blinded, and died in prison in 1099.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "ansgot-bayeux", "slug": "ansgot-of-bayeux", "name": "Ansgot of Bayeux", "shortName": "Ansgot", "house": "The Norman church", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Royal chaplain" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1035, "display": "1035", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1098, "display": "1098", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "low", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "A fictional minor churchman, grounded in the household chaplains and literate clerks who followed Norman courts.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "hereward", "slug": "hereward", "name": "Hereward", "shortName": "Hereward", "house": "Lincolnshire thegns", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "A dispossessed thegn" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1035, "display": "1035", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": null, "display": "Not recorded", "precision": "unknown", "certainty": "Not recorded" }, "confidence": "medium", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Recorded raiding Peterborough with a Danish fleet in 1070 and holding the Isle of Ely in 1071. His origins and end are uncertain; later legend calls him ‘the Wake’.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "ely-falls", "slug": "the-isle-of-ely-falls", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Isle of Ely falls", "date": "1071-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Hereward and Morcar are the last to hold out; Morcar surrenders and Hereward escapes.", "detail": "William built a causeway through the fens and the monks of Ely came to terms. Morcar spent the rest of his life in custody. Edwin had already been killed by his own men while fleeing north.", "people": [ { "id": "hereward", "name": "Hereward", "shortName": "Hereward", "slug": "hereward" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "morcar", "slug": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "house": "House of Mercia", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Earl of Northumbria" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1040, "display": "1040", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": null, "display": "Not recorded", "precision": "unknown", "certainty": "Not recorded" }, "confidence": "unstated", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY", "HEIMSKRINGLA", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "England, 1066", "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "northumbrian-revolt", "slug": "northumbria-rejects-tostig", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Northumbria rejects Tostig", "date": "1065-10-05", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A northern revolt forces the crown to choose between a brother and a realm.", "detail": "Tostig's fall becomes the grievance beneath the coming invasions. Morcar takes Northumbria, while Harold inherits a family feud that history will not let him set aside.", "people": [ { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "harold-crowned", "slug": "harold-is-crowned", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harold is crowned", "date": "1066-01-06", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold takes the crown with the support of the English nobility.", "detail": "The new king inherits a powerful family, a fragile coalition, and claims from across the sea.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "tostig-exiled", "slug": "tostig-seeks-a-return", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Tostig seeks a return", "date": "1066-03-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Tostig's exile hardens into a political grievance.", "detail": "The dispossessed earl looks for a way back into power, while Morcar consolidates Northumbria.", "people": [ { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "hardrada-lands", "slug": "harald-lands-in-the-north", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harald lands in the north", "date": "1066-09-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A second claimant opens a northern front.", "detail": "Norwegian forces appear on the Tyne, supported by Tostig's need for a new patron.", "people": [ { "id": "harald-hardrada", "name": "Harald Hardrada", "shortName": "Harald", "slug": "harald-hardrada" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "HEIMSKRINGLA" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-elected", "slug": "london-chooses-edgar", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "London chooses Edgar", "date": "1066-10-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "With Harold dead, Archbishop Ealdred and the citizens of London name the boy of the old house as king.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Ealdred and the Londoners wanted Edgar as king, as was his right by birth, and that Edwin and Morcar promised to fight for him. He was about fourteen and was never crowned.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "berkhamsted-submission", "slug": "edgar-submits-at-berkhamsted", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar submits at Berkhamsted", "date": "1066-12-10", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William crosses the Thames at Wallingford and the English leaders come out to meet him.", "detail": "Stigand submitted first at Wallingford. Edgar, Ealdred, Edwin, Morcar, and the chief men of London followed at Berkhamsted, gave hostages, and swore oaths. William promised to be a gracious lord, and his army went on harrying all the same.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edwin-and-morcar-rise", "slug": "edwin-and-morcar-rise-in-the-midlands", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edwin and Morcar rise in the Midlands", "date": "1068-06-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The brothers leave court after the promised marriage to William’s daughter fails to happen.", "detail": "William answered with a castle-building march through Warwick, Nottingham, York, Lincoln, Huntingdon, and Cambridge. The rising collapsed and the earls submitted again, but the north had learned the crown was contestable.", "people": [ { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "ely-falls", "slug": "the-isle-of-ely-falls", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Isle of Ely falls", "date": "1071-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Hereward and Morcar are the last to hold out; Morcar surrenders and Hereward escapes.", "detail": "William built a causeway through the fens and the monks of Ely came to terms. Morcar spent the rest of his life in custody. Edwin had already been killed by his own men while fleeing north.", "people": [ { "id": "hereward", "name": "Hereward", "shortName": "Hereward", "slug": "hereward" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ] }, { "id": "rainer-caen", "slug": "rainer-of-caen", "name": "Rainer of Caen", "shortName": "Rainer", "house": "The Norman church", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Prior of Saint-Étienne" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1040, "display": "1040", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1104, "display": "1104", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "low", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "A fictional minor churchman, grounded in the Norman abbey officials who supplied clergy and administrators to the new regime.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "godebold-lincoln", "slug": "godebold-of-lincoln", "name": "Godebold of Lincoln", "shortName": "Godebold", "house": "The Norman church", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Cathedral canon" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1042, "display": "1042", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1108, "display": "1108", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "low", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "A fictional minor churchman, grounded in the canons and builders who helped reorganise conquered sees.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "ralph-de-gael", "slug": "ralph-de-gael", "name": "Ralph de Gael", "shortName": "Ralph", "house": "House of Gael", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Earl of East Anglia" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1042, "display": "1042", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1096, "display": "1096", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Son of Ralph the Staller. Married Emma, William fitzOsbern’s daughter, in 1075 and used the wedding to launch the Revolt of the Earls. Fled to Brittany when it failed.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "bridal-of-norwich", "slug": "the-bridal-of-norwich", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The bridal of Norwich", "date": "1075-06-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Ralph de Gael marries fitzOsbern’s daughter and the earls plot at the feast.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says the wedding was held against the king’s will. Ralph, Roger of Hereford, and Waltheof discussed dividing the kingdom between them.", "people": [ { "id": "ralph-de-gael", "name": "Ralph de Gael", "shortName": "Ralph", "slug": "ralph-de-gael" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "revolt-of-the-earls", "slug": "the-revolt-of-the-earls", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Revolt of the Earls", "date": "1075-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Lanfranc and the English shires break the rising while the king is in Normandy.", "detail": "Wulfstan of Worcester blocked Roger at the Severn, Ralph was cornered at Norwich and fled to Brittany, and his wife Emma held the castle until she was allowed to leave. Waltheof confessed to Lanfranc and went to the king.", "people": [ { "id": "ralph-de-gael", "name": "Ralph de Gael", "shortName": "Ralph", "slug": "ralph-de-gael" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" }, { "id": "lanfranc", "name": "Lanfranc of Pavia", "shortName": "Lanfranc", "slug": "lanfranc-of-pavia" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ] }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "house": "House of Wessex", "realm": "Scotland", "titles": [ "Queen of Scots" ], "gender": "female", "birth": { "year": 1045, "display": "c. 1045", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1093, "display": "16 November 1093", "precision": "exact", "certainty": "Exact" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "SCOT_MALCOLM", "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM" ], "referenceWorks": [ "ODNB" ], "notes": "Born in Hungary about 1045, came to England in 1057 and to Scotland in 1068, where Malcolm married her about 1070. Eight children. Died at Edinburgh on 16 November 1093, three days after Malcolm and her eldest son fell at Alnwick. Canonised in 1250. Through her daughter Edith, every later English king descends from the old West Saxon house.", "father": { "id": "edward-the-exile", "name": "Edward the Exile", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-exile" }, "mother": { "id": "agatha", "name": "Agatha", "shortName": "Agatha", "slug": "agatha" }, "parents": [ { "id": "edward-the-exile", "name": "Edward the Exile", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-exile" }, { "id": "agatha", "name": "Agatha", "shortName": "Agatha", "slug": "agatha" } ], "spouses": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" } ], "children": [ { "id": "sco_edward_scotland", "name": "Edward of Scotland", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-of-scotland" }, { "id": "sco_edmund_scotland", "name": "Edmund of Scotland", "shortName": "Edmund", "slug": "edmund-of-scotland" }, { "id": "sco_edgar", "name": "Edgar", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": null }, { "id": "sco_alexander_i", "name": "Alexander I", "shortName": "Alexander I", "slug": null }, { "id": "sco_david_i", "name": "David I", "shortName": "David I", "slug": null }, { "id": "sco_matilda_scotland", "name": "Matilda of Scotland", "shortName": "Matilda of Scotland", "slug": "matilda-of-scotland" }, { "id": "sco_mary_scotland", "name": "Mary of Scotland", "shortName": "Mary of Scotland", "slug": null } ], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "edgar-flees-to-scotland", "slug": "edgar-flees-to-scotland", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar flees to Scotland", "date": "1068-07-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The ætheling leaves court with his mother and sisters and finds shelter with Malcolm.", "detail": "Edgar slipped away in the summer of 1068 as Edwin and Morcar's rising collapsed. Malcolm received the family at his court and within a year or two married Edgar's sister Margaret.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "evt_1070_malcolm_margaret", "slug": "malcolm-iii-marries-margaret-of-wessex", "published": true, "kind": "marriage", "label": "Malcolm III marries Margaret of Wessex", "date": "1070-01-01", "precision": "circa", "summary": "The Scottish royal house became closely linked to the displaced Anglo-Saxon royal line.", "detail": "Historical game hooks: marriage_alliance, claim_generation, exile_court.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "SCOT_MALCOLM" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": null }, { "id": "alnwick", "slug": "malcolm-is-killed-at-alnwick", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Malcolm is killed at Alnwick", "date": "1093-11-13", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The King of Scots and his heir Edward die raiding Northumbria. Margaret follows within days.", "detail": "Malcolm was killed near Alnwick on 13 November 1093 and his son Edward died of his wounds. Queen Margaret, Edgar's sister, died at Edinburgh on 16 November. Malcolm's brother Donald Bane seized the throne and drove out the English-raised sons.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "house": "House of Normandy", "realm": "Normandy", "titles": [ "Earl of Hereford" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1050, "display": "1050", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": null, "display": "Not recorded", "precision": "unknown", "certainty": "Not recorded" }, "confidence": "medium", "sourceKeys": [ "ORDERIC", "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "referenceWorks": [], "notes": "Inherited Hereford in 1071. Joined the Revolt of the Earls in 1075 and was imprisoned for life.", "father": { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern" }, "mother": null, "parents": [ { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern" } ], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "cassel", "slug": "william-fitzosbern-is-killed-at-cassel", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "William fitzOsbern is killed at Cassel", "date": "1071-02-22", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The king’s closest companion dies in a Flemish succession war.", "detail": "FitzOsbern had gone to Flanders as regent and suitor and was killed in battle at Cassel. His English earldom of Hereford passed to his son Roger; his Norman lands to his elder son William.", "people": [ { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "bridal-of-norwich", "slug": "the-bridal-of-norwich", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The bridal of Norwich", "date": "1075-06-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Ralph de Gael marries fitzOsbern’s daughter and the earls plot at the feast.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says the wedding was held against the king’s will. Ralph, Roger of Hereford, and Waltheof discussed dividing the kingdom between them.", "people": [ { "id": "ralph-de-gael", "name": "Ralph de Gael", "shortName": "Ralph", "slug": "ralph-de-gael" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "revolt-of-the-earls", "slug": "the-revolt-of-the-earls", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Revolt of the Earls", "date": "1075-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Lanfranc and the English shires break the rising while the king is in Normandy.", "detail": "Wulfstan of Worcester blocked Roger at the Severn, Ralph was cornered at Norwich and fled to Brittany, and his wife Emma held the castle until she was allowed to leave. Waltheof confessed to Lanfranc and went to the king.", "people": [ { "id": "ralph-de-gael", "name": "Ralph de Gael", "shortName": "Ralph", "slug": "ralph-de-gael" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" }, { "id": "lanfranc", "name": "Lanfranc of Pavia", "shortName": "Lanfranc", "slug": "lanfranc-of-pavia" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ] }, { "id": "waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "house": "House of Bamburgh", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Earl of Huntingdon" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1050, "display": "1050", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1076, "display": "1076", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Son of Earl Siward. Submitted to William in 1066, joined the northern rising of 1069, was reconciled and married to the king’s niece Judith in 1070, and was executed after the Revolt of the Earls in 1076.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "durham-massacre", "slug": "robert-de-comines-is-burned-at-durham", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Robert de Comines is burned at Durham", "date": "1069-01-28", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new Norman earl of Northumbria dies with his men in a single night.", "detail": "Comines ignored warnings and entered Durham with several hundred men. The Northumbrians killed them and burned the bishop’s house over the earl. Edgar was proclaimed at York within weeks.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "york-falls", "slug": "the-danes-and-the-north-take-york", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Danes and the north take York", "date": "1069-09-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Sweyn’s fleet in the Humber joins Edgar, Waltheof, and the Northumbrians against the Norman garrison.", "detail": "The garrison fired the city to deny cover to the attackers and was overwhelmed. It was the most dangerous moment of the reign: a foreign fleet, a native claimant, and a rising province acting together.", "people": [ { "id": "sweyn-estrithson", "name": "Sweyn Estrithson", "shortName": "Sweyn", "slug": "sweyn-estrithson" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "bridal-of-norwich", "slug": "the-bridal-of-norwich", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The bridal of Norwich", "date": "1075-06-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Ralph de Gael marries fitzOsbern’s daughter and the earls plot at the feast.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says the wedding was held against the king’s will. Ralph, Roger of Hereford, and Waltheof discussed dividing the kingdom between them.", "people": [ { "id": "ralph-de-gael", "name": "Ralph de Gael", "shortName": "Ralph", "slug": "ralph-de-gael" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "revolt-of-the-earls", "slug": "the-revolt-of-the-earls", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Revolt of the Earls", "date": "1075-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Lanfranc and the English shires break the rising while the king is in Normandy.", "detail": "Wulfstan of Worcester blocked Roger at the Severn, Ralph was cornered at Norwich and fled to Brittany, and his wife Emma held the castle until she was allowed to leave. Waltheof confessed to Lanfranc and went to the king.", "people": [ { "id": "ralph-de-gael", "name": "Ralph de Gael", "shortName": "Ralph", "slug": "ralph-de-gael" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" }, { "id": "lanfranc", "name": "Lanfranc of Pavia", "shortName": "Lanfranc", "slug": "lanfranc-of-pavia" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ] }, { "id": "robert-curthose", "slug": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "house": "House of Normandy", "realm": "France", "titles": [ "Duke of Normandy" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1051, "display": "c. 1051", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1134, "display": "1134-02", "precision": "month", "certainty": "Month known" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "EH_MEDIEVAL", "ASC", "ORDERIC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM" ], "referenceWorks": [], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": { "id": "matilda-flanders", "name": "Matilda of Flanders", "shortName": "Matilda", "slug": null }, "parents": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "matilda-flanders", "name": "Matilda of Flanders", "shortName": "Matilda", "slug": null } ], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "edgar-joins-curthose", "slug": "william-dies-and-edgar-joins-robert", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William dies and Edgar joins Robert", "date": "1087-09-09", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Normandy goes to Robert Curthose, England to William Rufus, and the ætheling picks Robert.", "detail": "William died at Rouen on 9 September 1087. Robert gave Edgar lands in Normandy, and Orderic Vitalis counts him among the duke's three principal advisers.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [ "Orderic Vitalis" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-expelled-from-normandy", "slug": "robert-and-rufus-make-peace-over-edgar-s-head", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Robert and Rufus make peace over Edgar's head", "date": "1091-02-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The brothers' treaty strips the ætheling of his Norman lands and sends him back to Scotland.", "detail": "Rufus crossed to Normandy in early 1091 and the brothers came to terms at Rouen. Edgar was dispossessed and expelled. Later that year, when Rufus marched on Scotland, Edgar and Robert brokered the peace between Malcolm and Rufus, and Edgar was reconciled with the English king.", "people": [ { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "tinchebray", "slug": "tinchebray", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Tinchebray", "date": "1106-09-28", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Henry defeats Robert Curthose and takes Normandy. Edgar is captured with the duke.", "detail": "Edgar had sided with Robert again. He was taken at Tinchebray on 28 September 1106 and pardoned and released by Henry. Robert stayed in custody for the rest of his life. William of Malmesbury, writing around 1125, says Edgar was still living quietly in the country; nothing is heard of him after that.", "people": [ { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" }, { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM" ], "namedSources": [ "William of Malmesbury" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "William of Malmesbury", "Orderic Vitalis" ] }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "slug": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "house": "House of Wessex", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Ætheling of the house of Cerdic" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1052, "display": "1052", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1126, "display": "1126", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "EH_MEDIEVAL", "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Born in Hungary about 1052 to Edward the Exile and Agatha, brought to England in 1057 when his father was recalled as heir and died within days of landing. Passed over by the Witan in January 1066 as too young, chosen as king by Ealdred and the Londoners after Hastings and never crowned, submitted at Berkhamsted. A hostage in Normandy in 1067, fled to Scotland in 1068, proclaimed at York in 1069, expelled after Abernethy, submitted in 1074 for a pound of silver a day. Left for Apulia in 1086, served Robert Curthose, put his nephew on the Scottish throne in 1097, went to Jerusalem about 1102, was captured at Tinchebray in 1106 and pardoned. Never married. William of Malmesbury saw him living quietly in the country about 1125; nothing is heard of him after.", "father": { "id": "edward-the-exile", "name": "Edward the Exile", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-exile" }, "mother": { "id": "agatha", "name": "Agatha", "shortName": "Agatha", "slug": "agatha" }, "parents": [ { "id": "edward-the-exile", "name": "Edward the Exile", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-exile" }, { "id": "agatha", "name": "Agatha", "shortName": "Agatha", "slug": "agatha" } ], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066", "England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "edgar-elected", "slug": "london-chooses-edgar", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "London chooses Edgar", "date": "1066-10-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "With Harold dead, Archbishop Ealdred and the citizens of London name the boy of the old house as king.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Ealdred and the Londoners wanted Edgar as king, as was his right by birth, and that Edwin and Morcar promised to fight for him. He was about fourteen and was never crowned.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "berkhamsted-submission", "slug": "edgar-submits-at-berkhamsted", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar submits at Berkhamsted", "date": "1066-12-10", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William crosses the Thames at Wallingford and the English leaders come out to meet him.", "detail": "Stigand submitted first at Wallingford. Edgar, Ealdred, Edwin, Morcar, and the chief men of London followed at Berkhamsted, gave hostages, and swore oaths. William promised to be a gracious lord, and his army went on harrying all the same.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "william-crowned", "slug": "william-is-crowned-at-westminster", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William is crowned at Westminster", "date": "1066-12-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Ealdred of York crowns the Conqueror on Christmas Day while his guards set fire to the houses outside.", "detail": "The coronation followed the English rite, with the crowd asked in English and French whether they accepted the king. The shouting alarmed the Norman guard, who mistook acclamation for riot and fired the surrounding houses.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "william-returns-to-normandy", "slug": "william-sails-for-normandy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William sails for Normandy", "date": "1067-03-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new king spends most of 1067 across the Channel, leaving Odo and fitzOsbern to govern.", "detail": "William took English hostages, including Edgar, Edwin, Morcar, and Waltheof, and displayed them in Normandy. The regents built castles and were remembered for their harshness.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "odo-bayeux", "name": "Odo of Bayeux", "shortName": "Odo", "slug": "odo-of-bayeux" }, { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-flees-to-scotland", "slug": "edgar-flees-to-scotland", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar flees to Scotland", "date": "1068-07-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The ætheling leaves court with his mother and sisters and finds shelter with Malcolm.", "detail": "Edgar slipped away in the summer of 1068 as Edwin and Morcar's rising collapsed. Malcolm received the family at his court and within a year or two married Edgar's sister Margaret.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "durham-massacre", "slug": "robert-de-comines-is-burned-at-durham", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Robert de Comines is burned at Durham", "date": "1069-01-28", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new Norman earl of Northumbria dies with his men in a single night.", "detail": "Comines ignored warnings and entered Durham with several hundred men. The Northumbrians killed them and burned the bishop’s house over the earl. Edgar was proclaimed at York within weeks.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "york-falls", "slug": "the-danes-and-the-north-take-york", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Danes and the north take York", "date": "1069-09-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Sweyn’s fleet in the Humber joins Edgar, Waltheof, and the Northumbrians against the Norman garrison.", "detail": "The garrison fired the city to deny cover to the attackers and was overwhelmed. It was the most dangerous moment of the reign: a foreign fleet, a native claimant, and a rising province acting together.", "people": [ { "id": "sweyn-estrithson", "name": "Sweyn Estrithson", "shortName": "Sweyn", "slug": "sweyn-estrithson" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "abernethy", "slug": "malcolm-submits-at-abernethy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Malcolm submits at Abernethy", "date": "1072-08-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William marches into Scotland by land and sea and the King of Scots does homage.", "detail": "Malcolm had married Edgar’s sister Margaret and sheltered the ætheling. At Abernethy he gave hostages and expelled Edgar from his court.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-submits", "slug": "edgar-makes-his-peace", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar makes his peace", "date": "1074-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The last claimant of the old house comes to court and accepts a pension.", "detail": "Expelled after Abernethy, Edgar lived in Flanders and came back to Scotland on 8 July 1074. Philip of France offered him the castle of Montreuil to raid Normandy from, but his ships were wrecked on the English coast. Malcolm advised him to seek William's friendship. The sheriff of York escorted him south and William received him in Normandy with honour and a pension.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-leaves-for-apulia", "slug": "edgar-leaves-william-s-court", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar leaves William's court", "date": "1086-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The ætheling walks out on a king who gives him little honour and sails for Norman Italy.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Edgar left the king because he had not much honour from him, and went over sea to Apulia with two hundred men. Domesday that year lists him with only two small estates in Hertfordshire, Barkway and Hormead.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "Domesday Book" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-joins-curthose", "slug": "william-dies-and-edgar-joins-robert", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William dies and Edgar joins Robert", "date": "1087-09-09", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Normandy goes to Robert Curthose, England to William Rufus, and the ætheling picks Robert.", "detail": "William died at Rouen on 9 September 1087. Robert gave Edgar lands in Normandy, and Orderic Vitalis counts him among the duke's three principal advisers.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [ "Orderic Vitalis" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-expelled-from-normandy", "slug": "robert-and-rufus-make-peace-over-edgar-s-head", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Robert and Rufus make peace over Edgar's head", "date": "1091-02-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The brothers' treaty strips the ætheling of his Norman lands and sends him back to Scotland.", "detail": "Rufus crossed to Normandy in early 1091 and the brothers came to terms at Rouen. Edgar was dispossessed and expelled. Later that year, when Rufus marched on Scotland, Edgar and Robert brokered the peace between Malcolm and Rufus, and Edgar was reconciled with the English king.", "people": [ { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "alnwick", "slug": "malcolm-is-killed-at-alnwick", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Malcolm is killed at Alnwick", "date": "1093-11-13", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The King of Scots and his heir Edward die raiding Northumbria. Margaret follows within days.", "detail": "Malcolm was killed near Alnwick on 13 November 1093 and his son Edward died of his wounds. Queen Margaret, Edgar's sister, died at Edinburgh on 16 November. Malcolm's brother Donald Bane seized the throne and drove out the English-raised sons.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-installs-his-nephew", "slug": "edgar-puts-his-nephew-on-the-scottish-throne", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Edgar puts his nephew on the Scottish throne", "date": "1097-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "With Rufus's army behind him, the ætheling drives out Donald Bane and makes the younger Edgar king.", "detail": "In the autumn of 1097 Edgar led an English army into Scotland on Rufus's behalf, defeated Donald Bane, and installed his nephew Edgar, Malcolm and Margaret's son, as King of Scots under English overlordship.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "sco_edgar", "name": "Edgar", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "henry-marries-matilda-of-scotland", "slug": "henry-i-marries-edgar-s-niece", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Henry I marries Edgar's niece", "date": "1100-11-11", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new king weds Edith of Scotland, who takes the name Matilda, and the blood of Cerdic returns to the English crown.", "detail": "Henry married Malcolm and Margaret's daughter at Westminster on 11 November 1100, three months after Rufus died in the New Forest. Through her, every later English king descends from the old West Saxon house.", "people": [ { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" }, { "id": "sco_matilda_scotland", "name": "Matilda of Scotland", "shortName": "Matilda of Scotland", "slug": "matilda-of-scotland" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "tinchebray", "slug": "tinchebray", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Tinchebray", "date": "1106-09-28", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Henry defeats Robert Curthose and takes Normandy. Edgar is captured with the duke.", "detail": "Edgar had sided with Robert again. He was taken at Tinchebray on 28 September 1106 and pardoned and released by Henry. Robert stayed in custody for the rest of his life. William of Malmesbury, writing around 1125, says Edgar was still living quietly in the country; nothing is heard of him after that.", "people": [ { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" }, { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM" ], "namedSources": [ "William of Malmesbury" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "William of Malmesbury", "Orderic Vitalis", "Domesday Book" ] }, { "id": "judith-lens", "slug": "judith-of-lens", "name": "Judith of Lens", "shortName": "Judith of Lens", "house": "House of Boulogne", "realm": "Normandy", "titles": [ "The king’s niece" ], "gender": "female", "birth": { "year": 1054, "display": "1054", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": null, "display": "Not recorded", "precision": "unknown", "certainty": "Not recorded" }, "confidence": "medium", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [], "notes": "Daughter of Lambert of Lens and William’s sister Adelaide. Married Earl Waltheof around 1070.", "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "william-rufus", "slug": "william-ii", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "house": "House of England", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "King of England" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1056, "display": "c. 1056", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1100, "display": "2 August 1100", "precision": "exact", "certainty": "Exact" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "edgar-joins-curthose", "slug": "william-dies-and-edgar-joins-robert", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William dies and Edgar joins Robert", "date": "1087-09-09", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Normandy goes to Robert Curthose, England to William Rufus, and the ætheling picks Robert.", "detail": "William died at Rouen on 9 September 1087. Robert gave Edgar lands in Normandy, and Orderic Vitalis counts him among the duke's three principal advisers.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [ "Orderic Vitalis" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-expelled-from-normandy", "slug": "robert-and-rufus-make-peace-over-edgar-s-head", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Robert and Rufus make peace over Edgar's head", "date": "1091-02-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The brothers' treaty strips the ætheling of his Norman lands and sends him back to Scotland.", "detail": "Rufus crossed to Normandy in early 1091 and the brothers came to terms at Rouen. Edgar was dispossessed and expelled. Later that year, when Rufus marched on Scotland, Edgar and Robert brokered the peace between Malcolm and Rufus, and Edgar was reconciled with the English king.", "people": [ { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-installs-his-nephew", "slug": "edgar-puts-his-nephew-on-the-scottish-throne", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Edgar puts his nephew on the Scottish throne", "date": "1097-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "With Rufus's army behind him, the ætheling drives out Donald Bane and makes the younger Edgar king.", "detail": "In the autumn of 1097 Edgar led an English army into Scotland on Rufus's behalf, defeated Donald Bane, and installed his nephew Edgar, Malcolm and Margaret's son, as King of Scots under English overlordship.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "sco_edgar", "name": "Edgar", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [ "Orderic Vitalis" ] }, { "id": "christina-aetheling", "slug": "christina", "name": "Christina", "shortName": "Christina", "house": "House of Wessex", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "Sister of the Ætheling" ], "gender": "female", "birth": { "year": 1057, "display": "1057", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1100, "display": "1100", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "medium", "sourceKeys": [ "EH_MEDIEVAL" ], "referenceWorks": [ "PASE", "ODNB" ], "notes": "Fled to Scotland with her mother and brother in 1068. Entered Romsey Abbey in 1086 and raised her niece Edith there, which is why Henry I had to prove in 1100 that his bride had never taken the veil. Her death date is not recorded; about 1100 is a guess.", "father": { "id": "edward-the-exile", "name": "Edward the Exile", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-exile" }, "mother": { "id": "agatha", "name": "Agatha", "shortName": "Agatha", "slug": "agatha" }, "parents": [ { "id": "edward-the-exile", "name": "Edward the Exile", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-exile" }, { "id": "agatha", "name": "Agatha", "shortName": "Agatha", "slug": "agatha" } ], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "sco_duncan_ii", "slug": "duncan", "name": "Duncan", "shortName": "Duncan", "house": "House of Dunkeld", "realm": "Scotland", "titles": [ "King of Scots" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1060, "display": "c. 1060", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1094, "display": "12 November 1094", "precision": "exact", "certainty": "Exact" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "SCOT_MALCOLM" ], "referenceWorks": [ "ODNB" ], "notes": "Malcolm's son by his first wife Ingibiorg. Handed over at Abernethy in 1072 and raised at the Norman court until Rufus released him in 1087. Took the throne from Donald Bane with English help in May 1094 and was killed in November by Donald's party.", "father": { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, "mother": { "id": "sco_ingibiorg", "name": "Ingibiorg Finnsdottir", "shortName": "Ingibiorg Finnsdottir", "slug": null }, "parents": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_ingibiorg", "name": "Ingibiorg Finnsdottir", "shortName": "Ingibiorg Finnsdottir", "slug": null } ], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "henry-i", "slug": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "house": "House of England", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "King of England", "Duke of Normandy" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1068, "display": "c. 1068", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1135, "display": "1 December 1135", "precision": "exact", "certainty": "Exact" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM" ], "referenceWorks": [ "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "matilda-crowned", "slug": "matilda-is-crowned-queen", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Matilda is crowned queen", "date": "1068-05-11", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The Whitsun coronation at Westminster gives the conquest a queen and, before the year is out, an English-born son.", "detail": "Matilda was crowned by Ealdred at Whitsun 1068. Her youngest son Henry, later Henry I, was born in England later that year, the only one of William’s sons born in the kingdom.", "people": [ { "id": "matilda-flanders", "name": "Matilda of Flanders", "shortName": "Matilda", "slug": null }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "henry-marries-matilda-of-scotland", "slug": "henry-i-marries-edgar-s-niece", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Henry I marries Edgar's niece", "date": "1100-11-11", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new king weds Edith of Scotland, who takes the name Matilda, and the blood of Cerdic returns to the English crown.", "detail": "Henry married Malcolm and Margaret's daughter at Westminster on 11 November 1100, three months after Rufus died in the New Forest. Through her, every later English king descends from the old West Saxon house.", "people": [ { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" }, { "id": "sco_matilda_scotland", "name": "Matilda of Scotland", "shortName": "Matilda of Scotland", "slug": "matilda-of-scotland" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "tinchebray", "slug": "tinchebray", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Tinchebray", "date": "1106-09-28", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Henry defeats Robert Curthose and takes Normandy. Edgar is captured with the duke.", "detail": "Edgar had sided with Robert again. He was taken at Tinchebray on 28 September 1106 and pardoned and released by Henry. Robert stayed in custody for the rest of his life. William of Malmesbury, writing around 1125, says Edgar was still living quietly in the country; nothing is heard of him after that.", "people": [ { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" }, { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM" ], "namedSources": [ "William of Malmesbury" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "evt_1120_white_ship", "slug": "white-ship-disaster", "published": false, "kind": "disaster", "label": "White Ship disaster", "date": "1120-11-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William Adelin, Henry I's only legitimate son, drowned, destabilising the succession.", "detail": "Historical game hooks: heir_death, succession_crisis, alternate_heir.", "people": [ { "id": "eng_william_adelin", "name": "William Adelin", "shortName": "William Adelin", "slug": null }, { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" } ], "sourceKeys": [], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "medium", "campaign": null } ], "namedSources": [ "William of Malmesbury" ] }, { "id": "sco_edward_scotland", "slug": "edward-of-scotland", "name": "Edward of Scotland", "shortName": "Edward", "house": "House of Dunkeld", "realm": "Scotland", "titles": [ "Heir of Scots" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1071, "display": "1071", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1093, "display": "1093", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "SCOT_MALCOLM" ], "referenceWorks": [ "ODNB" ], "notes": "Named for the Confessor. Mortally wounded in the ambush at Alnwick on 13 November 1093 and died two days later at Edwardsisle near Jedburgh.", "father": { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, "mother": { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" }, "parents": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "sco_edmund_scotland", "slug": "edmund-of-scotland", "name": "Edmund of Scotland", "shortName": "Edmund", "house": "House of Dunkeld", "realm": "Scotland", "titles": [ "Son of the King of Scots" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1072, "display": "1072", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "death": { "year": 1100, "display": "1100", "precision": "unstated", "certainty": "Year" }, "confidence": "medium", "sourceKeys": [ "SCOT_MALCOLM" ], "referenceWorks": [ "ODNB" ], "notes": "Shared the throne with Donald Bane from 1094 to 1097 and was implicated in Duncan II's death. Deposed by his uncle Edgar Ætheling's army in 1097 and ended as a monk at Montacute. His death date is not recorded.", "father": { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, "mother": { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" }, "parents": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "sco_matilda_scotland", "slug": "matilda-of-scotland", "name": "Matilda of Scotland", "shortName": "Matilda of Scotland", "house": "Dunkeld/Wessex", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "England queen consort" ], "gender": "female", "birth": { "year": 1080, "display": "c. 1080", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1118, "display": "1 May 1118", "precision": "exact", "certainty": "Exact" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "SCOT_MALCOLM", "ASC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM", "ORDERIC" ], "referenceWorks": [ "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, "mother": { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" }, "parents": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "spouses": [ { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" } ], "children": [ { "id": "eng_william_adelin", "name": "William Adelin", "shortName": "William Adelin", "slug": null }, { "id": "eng_empress_matilda", "name": "Empress Matilda", "shortName": "Empress Matilda", "slug": null } ], "campaigns": [ "Norman England, 1066" ], "facts": [ { "id": "henry-marries-matilda-of-scotland", "slug": "henry-i-marries-edgar-s-niece", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Henry I marries Edgar's niece", "date": "1100-11-11", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new king weds Edith of Scotland, who takes the name Matilda, and the blood of Cerdic returns to the English crown.", "detail": "Henry married Malcolm and Margaret's daughter at Westminster on 11 November 1100, three months after Rufus died in the New Forest. Through her, every later English king descends from the old West Saxon house.", "people": [ { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" }, { "id": "sco_matilda_scotland", "name": "Matilda of Scotland", "shortName": "Matilda of Scotland", "slug": "matilda-of-scotland" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "stephen", "slug": "stephen-of-blois", "name": "Stephen of Blois", "shortName": "Stephen", "house": "House of England", "realm": "England", "titles": [ "King of England" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1092, "display": "c. 1092", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1154, "display": "25 October 1154", "precision": "exact", "certainty": "Exact" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [], "referenceWorks": [ "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [], "children": [], "campaigns": [], "facts": [ { "id": "evt_1135_anarchy", "slug": "the-anarchy-begins", "published": false, "kind": "succession_crisis", "label": "The Anarchy begins", "date": "1135-12-01", "precision": "month", "summary": "Stephen seized the English crown despite Henry I's designation of Matilda; civil war followed and David I supported Matilda's claim.", "detail": "Historical game hooks: disputed_succession, civil_war, foreign_support, claim_strength.", "people": [ { "id": "stephen", "name": "Stephen of Blois", "shortName": "Stephen", "slug": "stephen-of-blois" }, { "id": "eng_empress_matilda", "name": "Empress Matilda", "shortName": "Empress Matilda", "slug": null }, { "id": "sco_david_i", "name": "David I", "shortName": "David I", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "medium", "campaign": null }, { "id": "evt_1153_walllingford", "slug": "treaty-of-wallingford", "published": false, "kind": "treaty", "label": "Treaty of Wallingford", "date": "1153-01-01", "precision": "year_only", "summary": "Stephen retained the crown but recognised Henry Plantagenet as his heir.", "detail": "Historical game hooks: negotiated_succession, peace, designated_heir.", "people": [ { "id": "stephen", "name": "Stephen of Blois", "shortName": "Stephen", "slug": "stephen-of-blois" }, { "id": "henry-ii", "name": "Henry II", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "medium", "campaign": null } ], "namedSources": [] }, { "id": "ire_diarmait_mac_murchada", "slug": "diarmait-mac-murchada", "name": "Diarmait Mac Murchada", "shortName": "Diarmait Mac Murchada", "house": "Uí Chennselaig", "realm": "Ireland", "titles": [ "King of Leinster" ], "gender": "male", "birth": { "year": 1110, "display": "c. 1110", "precision": "circa", "certainty": "Approximate" }, "death": { "year": 1171, "display": "1171-05", "precision": "month", "certainty": "Month known" }, "confidence": "high", "sourceKeys": [ "DIB_DIARMAIT", "DIB_STRONGBOW", "DIB_AOIFE" ], "referenceWorks": [ "ODNB" ], "notes": null, "father": null, "mother": null, "parents": [], "spouses": [ { "id": "ire_mor_uatuathail", "name": "Mór Ua Tuathail", "shortName": "Mór Ua Tuathail", "slug": null } ], "children": [ { "id": "ire_aoife", "name": "Aífe (Aoife) Mac Murchada", "shortName": "Aífe Mac Murchada", "slug": null }, { "id": "ire_domnall_caemanach", "name": "Domnall Cáemánach Mac Murchada", "shortName": "Domnall Cáemánach Mac Murchada", "slug": null } ], "campaigns": [], "facts": [ { "id": "evt_1169_norman_ireland", "slug": "anglo-norman-intervention-in-ireland", "published": false, "kind": "invasion", "label": "Anglo-Norman intervention in Ireland", "date": "1169-01-01", "precision": "year_only", "summary": "Diarmait Mac Murchada recruited Cambro-Norman forces to recover Leinster, beginning a transformative intervention.", "detail": "Historical game hooks: exiled_ruler, mercenary_invitation, foreign_conquest.", "people": [ { "id": "ire_diarmait_mac_murchada", "name": "Diarmait Mac Murchada", "shortName": "Diarmait Mac Murchada", "slug": "diarmait-mac-murchada" }, { "id": "ire_strongbow", "name": "Richard de Clare 'Strongbow'", "shortName": "Richard de Clare", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [ "DIB_DIARMAIT", "DIB_STRONGBOW" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": null }, { "id": "evt_1170_aoife_strongbow", "slug": "aoife-marries-strongbow", "published": false, "kind": "marriage", "label": "Aoife marries Strongbow", "date": "1170-08-01", "precision": "month", "summary": "The marriage linked Strongbow to Diarmait's Leinster dynasty and was associated with succession claims.", "detail": "Historical game hooks: marriage_alliance, inheritance_claim, foreign_magnate.", "people": [ { "id": "ire_aoife", "name": "Aífe (Aoife) Mac Murchada", "shortName": "Aífe Mac Murchada", "slug": null }, { "id": "ire_strongbow", "name": "Richard de Clare 'Strongbow'", "shortName": "Richard de Clare", "slug": null }, { "id": "ire_diarmait_mac_murchada", "name": "Diarmait Mac Murchada", "shortName": "Diarmait Mac Murchada", "slug": "diarmait-mac-murchada" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "DIB_AOIFE", "DIB_STRONGBOW" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": null } ], "namedSources": [] } ], "events": [ { "id": "edward-returns", "slug": "edward-returns-to-the-english-throne", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edward returns to the English throne", "date": "1042-06-08", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The old royal house returns after years of Danish rule.", "detail": "Edward's restoration gives England a familiar crown, but his court must still balance the old Wessex line against the powerful Godwin family.", "people": [ { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" }, { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "godwin-exiled", "slug": "godwin-is-driven-into-exile", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Godwin is driven into exile", "date": "1051-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A quarrel with the king sends England's strongest family across the sea.", "detail": "The exile leaves a wound between Edward and the Godwins. How it is settled will decide who thinks the crown owes them.", "people": [ { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" }, { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "godwin-restored", "slug": "the-godwins-return", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The Godwins return", "date": "1052-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The king yields, and the family comes back stronger than before.", "detail": "Godwin's restoration teaches every earl that pressure can move the crown, and teaches Harold that power is safest when the family moves together.", "people": [ { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "godwin-dies", "slug": "earl-godwin-dies", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Earl Godwin dies", "date": "1053-04-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold inherits the weight of the most powerful family in England.", "detail": "The old earl's death leaves Harold to turn family influence into a claim on the whole kingdom.", "people": [ { "id": "godwin", "name": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", "shortName": "Godwin", "slug": "godwin-earl-of-wessex" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "harold-bayeux-oath", "slug": "harold-swears-an-oath-in-normandy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harold swears an oath in Normandy", "date": "1064-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A disputed promise becomes part of William's claim.", "detail": "Harold's time in Normandy will be remembered differently on either side of the Channel. William calls it an oath; the English court calls it coercion and ambiguity.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "northumbrian-revolt", "slug": "northumbria-rejects-tostig", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Northumbria rejects Tostig", "date": "1065-10-05", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A northern revolt forces the crown to choose between a brother and a realm.", "detail": "Tostig's fall becomes the grievance beneath the coming invasions. Morcar takes Northumbria, while Harold inherits a family feud that history will not let him set aside.", "people": [ { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "edward-dies", "slug": "edward-the-confessor-dies", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edward the Confessor dies", "date": "1066-01-05", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The old king's death leaves the succession to the Witan.", "detail": "Edward dies at Westminster. Harold Godwinson is chosen and crowned the next day.", "people": [ { "id": "edward", "name": "Edward the Confessor", "shortName": "Edward", "slug": "edward-the-confessor" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "VITA_EDWARDI", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "harold-crowned", "slug": "harold-is-crowned", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harold is crowned", "date": "1066-01-06", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold takes the crown with the support of the English nobility.", "detail": "The new king inherits a powerful family, a fragile coalition, and claims from across the sea.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "tostig-exiled", "slug": "tostig-seeks-a-return", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Tostig seeks a return", "date": "1066-03-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Tostig's exile hardens into a political grievance.", "detail": "The dispossessed earl looks for a way back into power, while Morcar consolidates Northumbria.", "people": [ { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "william-prepares", "slug": "william-gathers-ships", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William gathers ships", "date": "1066-08-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Norman preparations turn a claim into a credible threat.", "detail": "Across the Channel, William watches for a divided England and favourable winds.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "hardrada-lands", "slug": "harald-lands-in-the-north", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Harald lands in the north", "date": "1066-09-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A second claimant opens a northern front.", "detail": "Norwegian forces appear on the Tyne, supported by Tostig's need for a new patron.", "people": [ { "id": "harald-hardrada", "name": "Harald Hardrada", "shortName": "Harald", "slug": "harald-hardrada" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "HEIMSKRINGLA" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "stamford-bridge", "slug": "stamford-bridge", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Stamford Bridge", "date": "1066-09-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold defeats the Norwegian host.", "detail": "The English army wins in the north, but the march has exhausted the realm before the Norman landing.", "people": [ { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "harald-hardrada", "name": "Harald Hardrada", "shortName": "Harald", "slug": "harald-hardrada" }, { "id": "tostig", "name": "Tostig Godwinson", "shortName": "Tostig", "slug": "tostig-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "HEIMSKRINGLA", "EH_MEDIEVAL" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "pevensey-landing", "slug": "william-lands-at-pevensey", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William lands at Pevensey", "date": "1066-09-28", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The Norman fleet crosses while Harold is in the north, and the army comes ashore unopposed.", "detail": "Held in port by the wind for weeks, William's fleet crossed the Channel on the night of 27 to 28 September and landed at Pevensey. The army moved to Hastings and raised a castle there, and raided the country around it to draw Harold south.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "WILLIAM_JUMIEGES", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "hastings", "slug": "hastings", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Hastings", "date": "1066-10-14", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William defeats Harold's army on the ridge north of Hastings. Harold is killed.", "detail": "Harold marched south from Stamford Bridge and met William on 14 October on the ridge where Battle Abbey now stands. The fighting lasted most of the day. Harold was killed, with his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine, and the English army broke. The sources differ on how Harold died: the arrow in the eye rests on a reading of the Bayeux Tapestry, while the Carmen has him cut down by knights.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "harold", "name": "Harold Godwinson", "shortName": "Harold", "slug": "harold-godwinson" }, { "id": "gyrth", "name": "Gyrth Godwinson", "shortName": "Gyrth", "slug": null }, { "id": "leofwine", "name": "Leofwine Godwinson", "shortName": "Leofwine", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "CARMEN_HASTINGAE", "BAYEUX_TAPESTRY", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "EH_MEDIEVAL" ], "namedSources": [ "Bayeux Tapestry" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-elected", "slug": "london-chooses-edgar", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "London chooses Edgar", "date": "1066-10-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "With Harold dead, Archbishop Ealdred and the citizens of London name the boy of the old house as king.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Ealdred and the Londoners wanted Edgar as king, as was his right by birth, and that Edwin and Morcar promised to fight for him. He was about fourteen and was never crowned.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "berkhamsted-submission", "slug": "edgar-submits-at-berkhamsted", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar submits at Berkhamsted", "date": "1066-12-10", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William crosses the Thames at Wallingford and the English leaders come out to meet him.", "detail": "Stigand submitted first at Wallingford. Edgar, Ealdred, Edwin, Morcar, and the chief men of London followed at Berkhamsted, gave hostages, and swore oaths. William promised to be a gracious lord, and his army went on harrying all the same.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "ealdred", "name": "Ealdred", "shortName": "Ealdred", "slug": "ealdred" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "william-crowned", "slug": "william-is-crowned-at-westminster", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William is crowned at Westminster", "date": "1066-12-25", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Ealdred of York crowns the Conqueror on Christmas Day while his guards set fire to the houses outside.", "detail": "The coronation followed the English rite, with the crowd asked in English and French whether they accepted the king. The shouting alarmed the Norman guard, who mistook acclamation for riot and fired the surrounding houses.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "william-returns-to-normandy", "slug": "william-sails-for-normandy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William sails for Normandy", "date": "1067-03-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new king spends most of 1067 across the Channel, leaving Odo and fitzOsbern to govern.", "detail": "William took English hostages, including Edgar, Edwin, Morcar, and Waltheof, and displayed them in Normandy. The regents built castles and were remembered for their harshness.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "odo-bayeux", "name": "Odo of Bayeux", "shortName": "Odo", "slug": "odo-of-bayeux" }, { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "eustace-at-dover", "slug": "eustace-of-boulogne-attacks-dover", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Eustace of Boulogne attacks Dover", "date": "1067-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "A Norman ally turns on the king and the men of Kent rise with him.", "detail": "Eustace, who had fought at Hastings, crossed with a small force and tried to seize Dover castle with Kentish support while the king was in Normandy. The garrison held and Eustace lost his English lands, though he was later reconciled.", "people": [ { "id": "eustace-boulogne", "name": "Eustace of Boulogne", "shortName": "Eustace", "slug": null }, { "id": "odo-bayeux", "name": "Odo of Bayeux", "shortName": "Odo", "slug": "odo-of-bayeux" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "WILLIAM_POITIERS", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "exeter-submits", "slug": "exeter-submits-after-eighteen-days", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Exeter submits after eighteen days", "date": "1068-02-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Harold’s mother Gytha and the western shires test the new king’s patience.", "detail": "Exeter refused the customary oath and tribute. William besieged the city in midwinter; after eighteen days it surrendered on terms and a castle was raised. Gytha escaped by sea.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "gytha", "name": "Gytha Thorkelsdóttir", "shortName": "Gytha", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "matilda-crowned", "slug": "matilda-is-crowned-queen", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Matilda is crowned queen", "date": "1068-05-11", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The Whitsun coronation at Westminster gives the conquest a queen and, before the year is out, an English-born son.", "detail": "Matilda was crowned by Ealdred at Whitsun 1068. Her youngest son Henry, later Henry I, was born in England later that year, the only one of William’s sons born in the kingdom.", "people": [ { "id": "matilda-flanders", "name": "Matilda of Flanders", "shortName": "Matilda", "slug": null }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edwin-and-morcar-rise", "slug": "edwin-and-morcar-rise-in-the-midlands", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edwin and Morcar rise in the Midlands", "date": "1068-06-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The brothers leave court after the promised marriage to William’s daughter fails to happen.", "detail": "William answered with a castle-building march through Warwick, Nottingham, York, Lincoln, Huntingdon, and Cambridge. The rising collapsed and the earls submitted again, but the north had learned the crown was contestable.", "people": [ { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-flees-to-scotland", "slug": "edgar-flees-to-scotland", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar flees to Scotland", "date": "1068-07-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The ætheling leaves court with his mother and sisters and finds shelter with Malcolm.", "detail": "Edgar slipped away in the summer of 1068 as Edwin and Morcar's rising collapsed. Malcolm received the family at his court and within a year or two married Edgar's sister Margaret.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "durham-massacre", "slug": "robert-de-comines-is-burned-at-durham", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Robert de Comines is burned at Durham", "date": "1069-01-28", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new Norman earl of Northumbria dies with his men in a single night.", "detail": "Comines ignored warnings and entered Durham with several hundred men. The Northumbrians killed them and burned the bishop’s house over the earl. Edgar was proclaimed at York within weeks.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "york-falls", "slug": "the-danes-and-the-north-take-york", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Danes and the north take York", "date": "1069-09-20", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Sweyn’s fleet in the Humber joins Edgar, Waltheof, and the Northumbrians against the Norman garrison.", "detail": "The garrison fired the city to deny cover to the attackers and was overwhelmed. It was the most dangerous moment of the reign: a foreign fleet, a native claimant, and a rising province acting together.", "people": [ { "id": "sweyn-estrithson", "name": "Sweyn Estrithson", "shortName": "Sweyn", "slug": "sweyn-estrithson" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "harrying-of-the-north", "slug": "the-harrying-of-the-north", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The harrying of the north", "date": "1069-12-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William winters in Yorkshire and destroys the means of life across the north.", "detail": "Villages, stores, and livestock were burned between the Humber and the Tees. Chroniclers record famine the following year, and Domesday still shows the land as waste seventeen years later. The Danes were paid to leave.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "sweyn-estrithson", "name": "Sweyn Estrithson", "shortName": "Sweyn", "slug": "sweyn-estrithson" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Domesday Book" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "evt_1070_malcolm_margaret", "slug": "malcolm-iii-marries-margaret-of-wessex", "published": true, "kind": "marriage", "label": "Malcolm III marries Margaret of Wessex", "date": "1070-01-01", "precision": "circa", "summary": "The Scottish royal house became closely linked to the displaced Anglo-Saxon royal line.", "detail": "Historical game hooks: marriage_alliance, claim_generation, exile_court.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "SCOT_MALCOLM" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": null }, { "id": "stigand-deposed", "slug": "papal-legates-depose-stigand", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Papal legates depose Stigand", "date": "1070-04-11", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The council at Winchester strips the old archbishop of Canterbury and Winchester.", "detail": "Legates from Rome presided over the Easter council. Stigand had never received a recognised pallium and had held two sees together. His fall opened the English church to reform on Norman terms.", "people": [ { "id": "stigand", "name": "Stigand", "shortName": "Stigand", "slug": "stigand" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "lanfranc-consecrated", "slug": "lanfranc-becomes-archbishop", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Lanfranc becomes archbishop", "date": "1070-08-29", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The abbot of Caen takes Canterbury and begins remaking the English church.", "detail": "Lanfranc reorganised dioceses, held reforming councils, and acted as the king’s regent when William was abroad. He was also the man who uncovered the Revolt of the Earls in 1075.", "people": [ { "id": "lanfranc", "name": "Lanfranc of Pavia", "shortName": "Lanfranc", "slug": "lanfranc-of-pavia" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "cassel", "slug": "william-fitzosbern-is-killed-at-cassel", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "William fitzOsbern is killed at Cassel", "date": "1071-02-22", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The king’s closest companion dies in a Flemish succession war.", "detail": "FitzOsbern had gone to Flanders as regent and suitor and was killed in battle at Cassel. His English earldom of Hereford passed to his son Roger; his Norman lands to his elder son William.", "people": [ { "id": "william-fitzosbern", "name": "William FitzOsbern", "shortName": "FitzOsbern", "slug": "william-fitzosbern" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "ely-falls", "slug": "the-isle-of-ely-falls", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Isle of Ely falls", "date": "1071-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Hereward and Morcar are the last to hold out; Morcar surrenders and Hereward escapes.", "detail": "William built a causeway through the fens and the monks of Ely came to terms. Morcar spent the rest of his life in custody. Edwin had already been killed by his own men while fleeing north.", "people": [ { "id": "hereward", "name": "Hereward", "shortName": "Hereward", "slug": "hereward" }, { "id": "morcar", "name": "Morcar", "shortName": "Morcar", "slug": "morcar" }, { "id": "eadwine", "name": "Eadwine of Mercia", "shortName": "Eadwine", "slug": "eadwine-of-mercia" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "abernethy", "slug": "malcolm-submits-at-abernethy", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Malcolm submits at Abernethy", "date": "1072-08-15", "precision": "exact", "summary": "William marches into Scotland by land and sea and the King of Scots does homage.", "detail": "Malcolm had married Edgar’s sister Margaret and sheltered the ætheling. At Abernethy he gave hostages and expelled Edgar from his court.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-submits", "slug": "edgar-makes-his-peace", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar makes his peace", "date": "1074-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The last claimant of the old house comes to court and accepts a pension.", "detail": "Expelled after Abernethy, Edgar lived in Flanders and came back to Scotland on 8 July 1074. Philip of France offered him the castle of Montreuil to raid Normandy from, but his ships were wrecked on the English coast. Malcolm advised him to seek William's friendship. The sheriff of York escorted him south and William received him in Normandy with honour and a pension.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "bridal-of-norwich", "slug": "the-bridal-of-norwich", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "The bridal of Norwich", "date": "1075-06-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Ralph de Gael marries fitzOsbern’s daughter and the earls plot at the feast.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says the wedding was held against the king’s will. Ralph, Roger of Hereford, and Waltheof discussed dividing the kingdom between them.", "people": [ { "id": "ralph-de-gael", "name": "Ralph de Gael", "shortName": "Ralph", "slug": "ralph-de-gael" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "revolt-of-the-earls", "slug": "the-revolt-of-the-earls", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "The Revolt of the Earls", "date": "1075-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Lanfranc and the English shires break the rising while the king is in Normandy.", "detail": "Wulfstan of Worcester blocked Roger at the Severn, Ralph was cornered at Norwich and fled to Brittany, and his wife Emma held the castle until she was allowed to leave. Waltheof confessed to Lanfranc and went to the king.", "people": [ { "id": "ralph-de-gael", "name": "Ralph de Gael", "shortName": "Ralph", "slug": "ralph-de-gael" }, { "id": "roger-de-breteuil", "name": "Roger de Breteuil", "shortName": "Roger", "slug": "roger-de-breteuil" }, { "id": "waltheof", "name": "Waltheof of Northumbria", "shortName": "Waltheof", "slug": "waltheof-of-northumbria" }, { "id": "lanfranc", "name": "Lanfranc of Pavia", "shortName": "Lanfranc", "slug": "lanfranc-of-pavia" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "JOHN_WORCESTER" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edith-dies", "slug": "queen-edith-dies-at-winchester", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Queen Edith dies at Winchester", "date": "1075-12-18", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Edward’s widow and Harold’s sister is buried beside the Confessor.", "detail": "William had her body brought to Westminster with royal honours. With her death the last of the Godwin house at the English court was gone.", "people": [ { "id": "edith", "name": "Edith of Wessex", "shortName": "Edith", "slug": null }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-leaves-for-apulia", "slug": "edgar-leaves-william-s-court", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Edgar leaves William's court", "date": "1086-09-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The ætheling walks out on a king who gives him little honour and sails for Norman Italy.", "detail": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says Edgar left the king because he had not much honour from him, and went over sea to Apulia with two hundred men. Domesday that year lists him with only two small estates in Hertfordshire, Barkway and Hormead.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC" ], "namedSources": [ "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "Domesday Book" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-joins-curthose", "slug": "william-dies-and-edgar-joins-robert", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "William dies and Edgar joins Robert", "date": "1087-09-09", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Normandy goes to Robert Curthose, England to William Rufus, and the ætheling picks Robert.", "detail": "William died at Rouen on 9 September 1087. Robert gave Edgar lands in Normandy, and Orderic Vitalis counts him among the duke's three principal advisers.", "people": [ { "id": "william", "name": "William of Normandy", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-the-conqueror" }, { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [ "Orderic Vitalis" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-expelled-from-normandy", "slug": "robert-and-rufus-make-peace-over-edgar-s-head", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Robert and Rufus make peace over Edgar's head", "date": "1091-02-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The brothers' treaty strips the ætheling of his Norman lands and sends him back to Scotland.", "detail": "Rufus crossed to Normandy in early 1091 and the brothers came to terms at Rouen. Edgar was dispossessed and expelled. Later that year, when Rufus marched on Scotland, Edgar and Robert brokered the peace between Malcolm and Rufus, and Edgar was reconciled with the English king.", "people": [ { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "alnwick", "slug": "malcolm-is-killed-at-alnwick", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Malcolm is killed at Alnwick", "date": "1093-11-13", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The King of Scots and his heir Edward die raiding Northumbria. Margaret follows within days.", "detail": "Malcolm was killed near Alnwick on 13 November 1093 and his son Edward died of his wounds. Queen Margaret, Edgar's sister, died at Edinburgh on 16 November. Malcolm's brother Donald Bane seized the throne and drove out the English-raised sons.", "people": [ { "id": "sco_malcolm_iii", "name": "Malcolm III", "shortName": "Malcolm III", "slug": "malcolm-iii" }, { "id": "sco_margaret_wessex", "name": "Margaret of Wessex", "shortName": "Margaret", "slug": "margaret-of-wessex" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM", "JOHN_WORCESTER", "SCOT_MALCOLM" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "edgar-installs-his-nephew", "slug": "edgar-puts-his-nephew-on-the-scottish-throne", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Edgar puts his nephew on the Scottish throne", "date": "1097-10-01", "precision": "exact", "summary": "With Rufus's army behind him, the ætheling drives out Donald Bane and makes the younger Edgar king.", "detail": "In the autumn of 1097 Edgar led an English army into Scotland on Rufus's behalf, defeated Donald Bane, and installed his nephew Edgar, Malcolm and Margaret's son, as King of Scots under English overlordship.", "people": [ { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" }, { "id": "william-rufus", "name": "William II", "shortName": "William", "slug": "william-ii" }, { "id": "sco_edgar", "name": "Edgar", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": null } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "SYMEON_DURHAM" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "henry-marries-matilda-of-scotland", "slug": "henry-i-marries-edgar-s-niece", "published": true, "kind": "milestone", "label": "Henry I marries Edgar's niece", "date": "1100-11-11", "precision": "exact", "summary": "The new king weds Edith of Scotland, who takes the name Matilda, and the blood of Cerdic returns to the English crown.", "detail": "Henry married Malcolm and Margaret's daughter at Westminster on 11 November 1100, three months after Rufus died in the New Forest. Through her, every later English king descends from the old West Saxon house.", "people": [ { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" }, { "id": "sco_matilda_scotland", "name": "Matilda of Scotland", "shortName": "Matilda of Scotland", "slug": "matilda-of-scotland" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM", "ORDERIC" ], "namedSources": [], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" }, { "id": "tinchebray", "slug": "tinchebray", "published": true, "kind": "battle", "label": "Tinchebray", "date": "1106-09-28", "precision": "exact", "summary": "Henry defeats Robert Curthose and takes Normandy. Edgar is captured with the duke.", "detail": "Edgar had sided with Robert again. He was taken at Tinchebray on 28 September 1106 and pardoned and released by Henry. Robert stayed in custody for the rest of his life. William of Malmesbury, writing around 1125, says Edgar was still living quietly in the country; nothing is heard of him after that.", "people": [ { "id": "henry-i", "name": "Henry I", "shortName": "Henry", "slug": "henry-i" }, { "id": "robert-curthose", "name": "Robert Curthose", "shortName": "Robert", "slug": "robert-curthose" }, { "id": "edgar-aetheling", "name": "Edgar Ætheling", "shortName": "Edgar", "slug": "edgar-aetheling" } ], "sourceKeys": [ "ASC", "ORDERIC", "MALMESBURY_GESTA_REGUM" ], "namedSources": [ "William of Malmesbury" ], "confidence": "high", "campaign": "Norman England, 1066" } ] }